involvement

[ɪnˈvɑːlvmənt]

[명] 참여

[명] participation, connection, role

[명] The state of being engaged or participating in something; A situation where someone is included in an activity or group

We believe your continued {involvement} will further enhance our students' learning experience and academic achievement.

우리는 당신의 지속적인 참여가 우리의 학생들의 학습 경험과 학문적 성취를 더욱 향상시킬 것이라고 믿습니다.

dedication

[ˌdedɪˈkeɪʃn]

[명] 헌신

[명] commitment, wholeheartedness, loyalty

[명] apathy, indifference, laziness

[명] The quality of being fully committed to a task or purpose; A strong feeling of loyalty and support for someone or something

Dear Ms. Lopez, We want to express our gratitude for your {dedication} as a Spanish instructor.

친애하는 로페즈 씨, 우리는 당신의 스페인어 강사로서의 헌신에 대해 감사를 표하고자 합니다.

enhance

[ɪnˈhæns]

[동] 향상시키다

[동] increase, improve, add to

[동] diminish, reduce, mar

[동] To increase the quality or value of something; To make something better by adding new features

We believe your continued involvement will further {enhance} our students' learning experience and academic achievement.

우리는 당신의 지속적인 참여가 우리의 학생들의 학습 경험과 학문적 성취를 더욱 향상시킬 것이라고 믿습니다.

progress

[명] [ˈprɑːɡres], [동] [prəˈɡres]

[명] 발전

[명] forward movement, development, onward movement
[동] go, move on, make one's way

[명] regression, movement backward
[동] return, move back, regress

[명] The act of moving forward towards a goal; Advancement in a particular area or field over time
[동] To move forward in time or space; To advance towards a better or more developed state

With exceptional teaching skills, you have significantly improved our students' {progress} and confidence in Spanish.

뛰어난 교수 능력으로, 당신은 우리의 학생들이 스페인어에서 발전과 자신감을 상당히 향상시켰습니다.

confidence

[ˈkɑːnfɪdəns]

[명] 자신감

[명] trust, self-confidence, belief

[명] distrust, scepticism, shyness

[명] A belief in one's own abilities or qualities; The feeling that you can rely on someone or something
[형] Describing something that is related to deceit or trickery; Referring to actions that involve misleading others
[동] To trust someone or something; To have faith in abilities or qualities

With exceptional teaching skills, you have significantly improved our students' progress and {confidence} in Spanish.

뛰어난 교수 능력으로, 당신은 우리의 학생들이 스페인어에서 발전과 자신감을 상당히 향상시켰습니다.

gratitude

[ˈɡrætɪtuːd]

[명] 감사

[명] gratefulness, thankfulness, thanks

[명] ingratitude

[명] A feeling of being thankful for something; The quality of showing appreciation to someone

Dear Ms. Lopez, We want to express our {gratitude} for your dedication as a Spanish instructor.

친애하는 로페즈 씨, 우리는 당신의 스페인어 강사로서의 헌신에 대해 감사를 표하고자 합니다.

significantly

[sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəntli]

[부] 상당히

[부] notably, remarkably, outstandingly

[부] slightly, meaninglessly

[부] In a way that is important enough to be noticed; To a degree that has a significant impact

With exceptional teaching skills, you have {significantly} improved our students' progress and confidence in Spanish.

뛰어난 교수 능력으로, 당신은 우리의 학생들이 스페인어에서 발전과 자신감을 상당히 향상시켰습니다.

reflect

[rɪˈflekt]

[동] 반영하다

[동] send back, show, throw back

[동] absorb

[동] To throw back light or sound from a surface; To show an image or likeness of something

As the year is about to end, it is time for us to {reflect} on your contributions and consider the renewal of your contract.

해가 끝나가고 있으므로, 우리는 당신의 기여를 반영하고 계약 갱신을 고려할 시점입니다.

experience

[ɪkˈspɪriəns]

[명] 경험

[명] skill, knowledge, practical knowledge
[동] undergo, encounter, have

[명] The knowledge gained from practical involvement in events or activities; A personal encounter with something that leaves a lasting impression
[동] To encounter or undergo something; To have a personal experience of an event

We believe your continued involvement will further enhance our students' learning {experience} and academic achievement.

우리는 당신의 지속적인 참여가 우리의 학생들의 학습 경험과 학문적 성취를 더욱 향상시킬 것이라고 믿습니다.

exceptional

[ɪkˈsepʃənl]

[형] 뛰어난

[형] unusual, remarkable, uncommon

[형] usual, average, normal

[형] Something that is not usual or ordinary; Remarkably good or outstanding
[명] A case that is different from the norm; An occurrence that is unusual or rare

With {exceptional} teaching skills, you have significantly improved our students' progress and confidence in Spanish.

뛰어난 교수 능력으로, 당신은 우리의 학생들이 스페인어에서 발전과 자신감을 상당히 향상시켰습니다.

contribution

[ˌkɑːntrɪˈbjuːʃn]

[명] 기여

[명] donation, gift, offering

[명] A gift or payment made to a common fund; The act of providing something to help others

As the year is about to end, it is time for us to reflect on your {contributions} and consider the renewal of your contract.

해가 끝나가고 있으므로, 우리는 당신의 기여를 반영하고 계약 갱신을 고려할 시점입니다.

response

[rɪˈspɑːns]

[명] 응답

[명] answer, reaction, reply

[명] question

[명] A verbal or written answer to a question; An act of replying to something or someone

We look forward to your {response}.

우리는 당신의 응답을 기다립니다.

extension

[ɪkˈstenʃn]

[명] 연장

[명] addition, annexe, add-on

[명] shrinking, contraction, shortening

[명] A part added to something to make it larger or longer; The action or process of making something longer or larger
[형] Relating to courses offered by universities to the public; Describing something that connects or adds to another thing

Given your positive impact, we would like to offer an {extension} of your contract for the next academic year.

당신의 긍정적인 영향력을 고려하여, 우리는 다음 학년도에 당신의 계약을 연장하고자 합니다.

renewal

[rɪˈnuːəl]

[명] 갱신

[명] resumption, recommencement, continuation

[명] The process of starting something again after a break; An act of extending the duration of a contract or agreement

As the year is about to end, it is time for us to reflect on your contributions and consider the {renewal} of your contract.

해가 끝나가고 있으므로, 우리는 당신의 기여를 반영하고 계약 갱신을 고려할 시점입니다.

achievement

[əˈtʃiːvmənt]

[명] 성취

[명] attainment, accomplishment, reaching

[명] A successful result of effort or skill; Something accomplished with hard work and determination

We believe your continued involvement will further enhance our students' learning experience and academic {achievement}.

우리는 당신의 지속적인 참여가 우리의 학생들의 학습 경험과 학문적 성취를 더욱 향상시킬 것이라고 믿습니다.

shot

[ʃɑːt]

[명] 주사

[명] report, discharge, crack
[형] variegated, mottled, watered

[명] The act of firing a gun or cannon; A single attempt to shoot a target
[형] Woven with different colors that change appearance when viewed from different angles; Having colors that shift and create a contrasting effect
[동] The simple past form of the verb 'shoot'; To have fired a firearm

After the doctor gave her a {shot}, her fever went down and she seemed more comfortable.

의사가 그녀에게 주사를 준 후, 그녀의 열은 내려갔고 그녀는 더 편안해 보였다.

symptom

[ˈsɪmptəm]

[명] 증상

[명] manifestation, sign, indication

[명] A sign that indicates a disease or health issue; A change in physical or mental state that suggests an illness

At the front desk, he explained her {symptoms,} his concern growing with every moment.

프론트 데스크에서 그는 그녀의 증상을 설명했고, 그의 우려는 순간마다 커졌다.

examine

[ɪɡˈzæmɪn]

[동] 검사하다

[동] inspect, analyse, survey

[동] To inspect something closely to learn about its condition or quality; To look at something carefully to find out more information

They were quickly led to the doctor, who reassured him and carefully {examined} his daughter.

그들은 신속하게 의사에게 안내되었고, 의사는 그를 안심시키고 그의 딸을 주의 깊게 검사했다.

suddenly

[ˈsʌdənli]

[부] 갑자기

[부] immediately, abruptly, instantaneously

[부] gradually

[부] Happening quickly and unexpectedly; In a way that is sudden and without warning

Her fever had started {suddenly}, just before dinner, but it wouldn't go down despite his efforts.

그녀의 열은 저녁 식사 직전에 갑자기 시작되었지만, 그의 노력에도 불구하고 열이 내리지 않았다.

brightly

[부] 밝게

[부] In a way that produces or reflects a lot of light; In a cheerful and lively manner

Peter stepped out of the freezing night air and into the {brightly} lit hospital lobby, holding his three‐year‐old daughter in his arms.

피터는 얼어붙은 밤 공기에서 나와 밝게 불이 켜진 병원 로비로 걸어갔고, 세 살짜리 딸을 안고 있었다.

harsh

[hɑːrʃ]

[형] 거친

[형] grating, severe, jarring

[형] soft, kind, dulcet

[형] Unpleasantly rough or jarring to the senses; Cruel or severe in manner or treatment

The {harsh} light made her look even more unwell, her face all red and sweaty.

거친 빛이 그녀를 더 아프게 보이게 했고, 그녀의 얼굴은 빨갛고 땀으로 젖어 있었다.

peacefully

[ˈpi:sfəli]

[부] 평화롭게

[부] In a way that is calm and free from disturbance; Without any conflict or violence

As Peter watched her sleep {peacefully} that night, he felt a wave of calm wash over him.

피터가 그 밤 그녀가 평화롭게 자는 것을 보면서, 그는 차분함의 물결이 그를 감싸는 것을 느꼈다.

step

[step]

[동] 걸어가다

[명] pace, footstep, stride
[동] walk, move, pace

[명] A movement made by lifting your foot and placing it down in a different position; The sound created by a foot when it touches the ground
[동] To lift and place one's foot down in order to walk or move; To move in a specific direction by raising one foot and placing it down elsewhere

Peter {stepped} out of the freezing night air and into the brightly lit hospital lobby, holding his three‐year‐old daughter in his arms.

피터는 얼어붙은 밤 공기에서 나와 밝게 불이 켜진 병원 로비로 걸어갔고, 세 살짜리 딸을 안고 있었다.

reassure

[ˌriːəˈʃʊr]

[동] 안심시키다

[동] put/set someone's mind at rest, encourage, comfort

[동] alarm, unnerve

[동] To make someone feel less worried or afraid; To give someone confidence again

They were quickly led to the doctor, who {reassured} him and carefully examined his daughter.

그들은 신속하게 의사에게 안내되었고, 의사는 그를 안심시키고 그의 딸을 주의 깊게 검사했다.

freeze

[friːz]

[동] 얼다

[동] turn into ice, ice over or up, ice over
[명] cold snap, spell of cold weather, freeze-up

[동] thaw, melt, warm up
[명] heatwave

[동] To turn into ice due to extreme cold; To become solid from a liquid as it gets cold
[명] An act of keeping something at a fixed level; A period of extremely cold weather

Peter stepped out of the {freezing} night air and into the brightly lit hospital lobby, holding his three‐year‐old daughter in his arms.

피터는 얼어붙은 밤 공기에서 나와 밝게 불이 켜진 병원 로비로 걸어갔고, 세 살짜리 딸을 안고 있었다.

unwell

[ʌnˈwel]

[형] 아픈

[형] ill, sick, poorly

[형] well, in good health

[형] Feeling sick or ill; Not in good health

The harsh light made her look even more {unwell}, her face all red and sweaty.

거친 빛이 그녀를 더 아프게 보이게 했고, 그녀의 얼굴은 빨갛고 땀으로 젖어 있었다.

wave

[weɪv]

[명] 파도

[명] gesture, sea, gesticulation
[동] move to and fro, signal, move up and down

[명] A long body of water that curls and breaks upon the shore; A moving ridge or swell formed on the surface of a liquid
[동] To move one's hand in greeting or as a sign; To signal someone by moving your hand back and forth

As Peter watched her sleep peacefully that night, he felt a {wave} of calm wash over him.

피터가 그 밤 그녀가 평화롭게 자는 것을 보면서, 그는 차분함의 물결이 그를 감싸는 것을 느꼈다.

concern

[kənˈsɜːrn]

[명] 우려

[동] be about, worry, deal with
[명] anxiety, worry, fear

[명] serenity, peace of mind, indifference

[동] To relate to a specific subject or matter; To make someone feel worried or anxious
[명] A feeling of worry or anxiety about something; An issue or matter that is important to someone

At the front desk, he explained her symptoms, his {concern} growing with every moment.

프론트 데스크에서 그는 그녀의 증상을 설명했고, 그의 우려는 순간마다 커졌다.

comfortable

[ˈkʌmfərtəbl]

[형] 편안한

[형] pleasant, loose-fitting, cosy

[형] hard, tight-fitting, spartan

[형] Providing a sense of ease and relaxation; Not causing any discomfort or pain
[명] A soft and warm quilt used on a bed; A thick coverlet that provides warmth and comfort

After the doctor gave her a shot, her fever went down and she seemed more {comfortable}.

의사가 그녀에게 주사를 준 후, 그녀의 열은 내려갔고 그녀는 더 편안해 보였다.

impermeable

[ɪmˈpɜːrmiəbl]

[형] 통과할 수 없는

[형] watertight, waterproof, damp-proof

[형] permeable

[형] Not allowing liquids or gases to pass through; Not permitting any substance to move through it

Imagine you have the best tea in the world and you put it into a bag that's {impermeable}.

세상에서 가장 좋은 차를 가지고 있다고 상상해보세요. 그 차를 통과할 수 없는 가방에 넣습니다.

society

[səˈsaɪəti]

[명] 사회

[명] the community, the public, social order

[명] A group of people living together in an organized community; The collective of individuals who share laws, customs, and values
[형] Relating to upper-class social circles; Typical of the elite and fashionable groups

Similarly all of us were designed to work with other people, with teams, and with {society} at large.

마찬가지로 우리 모두는 다른 사람, 팀, 그리고 사회 전체와 함께 일하도록 설계되었습니다.

prevent

[prɪˈvent]

[동] 막다

[동] stop, put a stop to, avoid

[동] allow, help, cause

[동] To keep something from happening or existing; To stop something from taking place

Leaders need to be careful not to build walls around themselves that {prevent} people from reaching out to them.

리더들은 자신을 둘러싼 벽을 세워 사람들이 그들에게 손을 내밀지 못하도록 해서는 안 됩니다.

mix

[mɪks]

[동] 섞다

[동] blend, combine, mingle
[명] mixture, blend, combination

[동] separate, divide, keep oneself to oneself

[동] To combine different substances into one; To stir together ingredients to create a mixture
[명] A combination of two or more different things or qualities; A dry blend of ingredients sold together for making a specific product

The tea was meant to {mix} with the water.

차는 물과 섞이도록 되어 있습니다.

designed

[dizáind]

[형] 설계된

[형] Created with a specific purpose in mind; Planned in detail to achieve a goal

Similarly all of us were {designed} to work with other people, with teams, and with society at large.

마찬가지로 우리 모두는 다른 사람, 팀, 그리고 사회 전체와 함께 일하도록 설계되었습니다.

porous

[ˈpɔːrəs]

[형] 다공성의

[형] permeable, penetrable, absorbent

[형] impermeable

[형] having minute spaces or holes through which liquid or air may pass; possessing or full of pores

For the teabag to work, it needs to be {porous}.

티백이 작동하려면 다공성이어야 합니다.

isolation

[ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃn]

[명] 고립

[명] separation, segregation, withdrawal

[명] contact, accessibility

[명] The state of being alone or away from others; A situation where someone is separated from others

In our lives too, we cannot survive and thrive in {isolation}.

우리의 삶에서도 우리는 고립된 상태에서 생존하고 번창할 수 없습니다.

reach out

[동] 손을 내밀다

To make contact with someone, often for support or assistance; To attempt to connect or communicate with others

Leaders need to be careful not to build walls around themselves that prevent people from {reaching out} to them.

리더들은 자신을 둘러싼 벽을 세워 사람들이 그들에게 손을 내밀지 못하도록 해서는 안 됩니다.

touch

[tʌtʃ]

[동] 닿다

[동] be in contact, feel, come into contact
[명] feeling, feel, sense of touch

[동] refrain from

[동] To come into contact with something using a part of the body; To make physical contact with someone or something
[명] An instance of physically making contact with someone or something; The action of touching, often with the hand or fingers

As a leader, you need to be able to {touch} other people.

리더로서 당신은 다른 사람에게 닿을 수 있어야 합니다.

contact

[ˈkɑːntækt]

[명] 접촉

[명] touch, communication, touching
[동] get in touch with, get or be in touch with, communicate with

[명] The state of two things touching each other; A connection that allows communication between people
[동] To communicate with someone to exchange information; To reach out to someone through a call or message
[형] Related to or caused by touching or being touched; Involving physical interaction between players

You need the tea and the water to come in {contact} with each other.

차와 물이 서로 접촉해야 합니다.

define

[dɪˈfaɪn]

[동] 정의하다

[동] explain, mark out, expound

[동] To state or explain the exact meaning of something; To determine the essential qualities or characteristics of something

It is difficult, if not impossible, to {define} the limits which reason should impose on the desire for wealth.

부유에 대한 욕망이 이성에 의해 부과해야 할 한계를 정의하는 것은 어렵고, 불가능하기까지 하다.

absolute

[ˈæbsəluːt]

[형] 절대적인

[형] complete, total, utter

[형] partial, qualified, conditional

[형] Not limited or restricted in any way; Complete and total without any exceptions
[명] A concept or principle considered to be universally true; Something that exists independently of any conditions or standards

for there is no {absolute} or definite amount of wealth which will satisfy a man.

부자가 만족할 수 있는 절대적이거나 확정된 부의 양은 없다.

measure

[ˈmeʒə(r)]

[동] 측정하다

[동] take the measurements of, quantify, calculate
[명] action, quantity, act

[동] guess, estimate

[동] To find out the size or amount of something; To determine the dimensions of an object using a tool
[명] A plan or action taken to achieve a goal; A standard unit used to express the size or amount of something

for to {measure} a man's happiness only by what he gets, and not also by what he expects to get, is as pointless as to try and express a fraction which shall have a numerator but no denominator.

한 남자의 행복을 그가 얻는 것만으로 측정하고, 그가 기대하는 것도 포함하지 않는 것은, 분자가 있지만 분모가 없는 분수를 표현하려고 하는 것만큼이나 무의미하다.

impose

[ɪmˈpoʊz]

[동] 부과하다

[동] foist, force, thrust

[동] To force something upon someone; To establish rules or laws by authority

It is difficult, if not impossible, to define the limits which reason should {impose} on the desire for wealth.

부유에 대한 욕망이 이성에 의해 부과해야 할 한계를 정의하는 것은 어렵고, 불가능하기까지 하다.

horizon

[həˈraɪzn]

[명] 수평선

[명] skyline, range of vision, view

[명] The line where the earth's surface meets the sky; The boundary that separates the earth from the sky

In fact, every man has a {horizon} of his own, and he will expect as much as he thinks it is possible for him to get.

사실, 모든 남자는 자기만의 수평선을 가지고 있으며, 그가 얻을 수 있다고 생각하는 만큼 기대할 것이다.

denominator

[dɪˈnɑːmɪneɪtər]

[명] 분모

[명] The number located below the line in a fraction; In a fraction, it is the number that divides the numerator

as pointless as to try and express a fraction which shall have a numerator but no {denominator}.

분자가 있지만 분모가 없는 분수를 표현하려고 하는 것만큼이나 무의미하다.

occur

[əˈkɜː(r)]

[동] 발생하다

[동] happen, take place, come about

[동] To take place or happen; To happen unexpectedly

A man never feels the loss of things which it never {occurs} to him to ask for.

한 남자는 자신이 요청할 생각조차 하지 않는 것들의 상실을 절대 느끼지 않는다.

numerator

[ˈnuːməreɪtə(r)]

[명] 분자

[명] The top number in a fraction that tells how many parts are being considered; In a fraction, the number that is divided by the denominator

as pointless as to try and express a fraction which shall have a {numerator} but no denominator.

분자가 있지만 분모가 없는 분수를 표현하려고 하는 것만큼이나 무의미하다.

pointless

[ˈpɔɪntləs]

[형] 무의미한

[형] senseless, futile, meaningless

[형] useful, worthwhile, valuable

[형] Having no sense, use, or purpose; Lacking meaning or effect

for to measure a man's happiness only by what he gets, and not also by what he expects to get, is as {pointless} as to try and express a fraction which shall have a numerator but no denominator.

한 남자의 행복을 그가 얻는 것만으로 측정하고, 그가 기대하는 것도 포함하지 않는 것은, 분자가 있지만 분모가 없는 분수를 표현하려고 하는 것만큼이나 무의미하다.

relative

[ˈrelətɪv]

[형] 상대적인

[명] relation, member of someone's/the family, connection
[형] comparative, proportional, respective

[형] absolute, disproportionate, great

[명] A person who is part of your family by blood or marriage; Someone who shares a common ancestor with you
[형] Considered in relation to something else; Dependent on or connected to another factor

The amount is always {relative}, that is to say, just so much as will maintain the proportion between what he wants and what he gets.

양은 항상 상대적이며, 그가 원하는 것과 얻는 것 사이의 비율을 유지할 만큼이다.

definite

[ˈdefɪnət]

[형] 확정된

[형] explicit, specific, exact

[형] vague, indefinite, uncertain

[형] Clearly stated or determined without any doubt; Not vague; having a clear and specific meaning
[명] Something that is clearly defined or identified; A specific statement or term that provides clarity

for there is no absolute or {definite} amount of wealth which will satisfy a man.

부자가 만족할 수 있는 절대적이거나 확정된 부의 양은 없다.

satisfy

[ˈsætɪsfaɪ]

[동] 만족시키다

[동] fulfil, content, gratify

[동] frustrate, dissatisfy, dissuade

[동] To meet the needs or desires of someone; To fulfill a requirement or condition

for there is no absolute or definite amount of wealth which will {satisfy} a man.

부자가 만족할 수 있는 절대적이거나 확정된 부의 양은 없다.

proportion

[prəˈpɔːrʃn]

[명] 비율

[명] part, portion, amount

[명] A part or share of a whole; The relationship between sizes or amounts
[동] To adjust something so that it is in the right relationship with other things; To change the size or amount of something relative to others

The amount is always relative, that is to say, just so much as will maintain the {proportion} between what he wants and what he gets.

양은 항상 상대적이며, 그가 원하는 것과 얻는 것 사이의 비율을 유지할 만큼이다.

expect

[ɪkˈspekt]

[동] 기대하다

[동] suppose, think, presume

[동] To believe that something will happen or be true; To regard something as likely to occur

In fact, every man has a horizon of his own, and he will {expect} as much as he thinks it is possible for him to get.

사실, 모든 남자는 자기만의 수평선을 가지고 있으며, 그가 얻을 수 있다고 생각하는 만큼 기대할 것이다.

happiness

[명] 행복

[명] contentment, pleasure, delight

[명] unhappiness

[명] The feeling of being joyful and satisfied; A state where one feels content and fulfilled

for to measure a man's {happiness} only by what he gets, and not also by what he expects to get, is as pointless as to try and express a fraction which shall have a numerator but no denominator.

한 남자의 행복을 그가 얻는 것만으로 측정하고, 그가 기대하는 것도 포함하지 않는 것은, 분자가 있지만 분모가 없는 분수를 표현하려고 하는 것만큼이나 무의미하다.

evoke

[ɪˈvoʊk]

[동] 불러일으키다

[동] bring to mind, arouse, call to mind

[동] suppress

[동] To bring a memory or feeling back to someone's mind; To call forth a response or reaction

All of the restaurants are using carefully chosen words to {evoke} vivid mental images of delicious food and rich desserts in order to draw the potential customer to their particular establishment.

모든 식당은 잠재 고객을 특정 시설로 끌어들이기 위해 맛있고 풍부한 후식의 선명한 정신 이미지를 불러일으키기 위해 신중하게 선택된 단어를 사용하고 있다.

attract

[əˈtrækt]

[동] 끌다

[동] draw, allure, pull

[동] repel

[동] To cause someone or something to come towards or participate; To draw someone closer without physical contact

In a fashion similar to the restaurants' financial dependence upon drawing in many customers, the restaurateurs of the natural world (i.e., flowers) must also {attract} potential diners to sample their offerings.

식당의 많은 고객을 끌어들이기 위한 재정적 의존과 유사한 방식으로, 자연 세계의 식당(즉, 꽃)은 잠재적인 식사하는 사람들을 끌어들여 그들의 제공물을 맛보아야 한다.

delicious

[dɪˈlɪʃəs]

[형] 맛있는

[형] mouth-watering, delectable, tasty

[형] inedible, unpleasant, unpalatable

[형] Very pleasant to taste or smell; Having a pleasing flavor that makes you want to eat
[명] Something that has a very pleasant taste; Food that is enjoyable to eat

All of the restaurants are using carefully chosen words to evoke vivid mental images of {delicious} food and rich desserts in order to draw the potential customer to their particular establishment.

모든 식당은 잠재 고객을 특정 시설로 끌어들이기 위해 맛있고 풍부한 후식의 선명한 정신 이미지를 불러일으키기 위해 신중하게 선택된 단어를 사용하고 있다.

dependence

[dɪˈpendəns]

[명] 의존

[명] reliance on, reliance, need for

[명] independence

[명] The condition of relying on someone or something for support; A state in which someone relies on another person or thing

In a fashion similar to the restaurants' financial {dependence} upon drawing in many customers, the restaurateurs of the natural world (i.e., flowers) must also attract potential diners to sample their offerings.

식당의 많은 고객을 끌어들이기 위한 재정적 의존과 유사한 방식으로, 자연 세계의 식당(즉, 꽃)은 잠재적인 식사하는 사람들을 끌어들여 그들의 제공물을 맛보아야 한다.

advertise

[ˈædvərtaɪz]

[동] 광고하다

[동] publicize, market, make public

[동] To make something known to the public in order to promote it; To inform people about a product or service

Instead of using a written language or neon sign, they {advertise} their offerings just as effectively using the language of smell.

그들은 서면 언어나 네온 표시를 사용하는 대신, 냄새의 언어를 사용하여 제공물을 효과적으로 광고한다.

neon

[ˈniːɑːn]

[형] 네온의

[명] the chemical element of atomic number 10, an inert gaseous element of the noble gas group. It is obtained by the distillation of liquid air and is used in fluorescent lamps and illuminated advertising signs; a nonmetallic chemical element that is found in minute amounts in air and is used especially in electric lamps, in lasers, and as a cryogenic refrigerant
[형] of, relating to, or using neon; That resembles a neon light

In the natural world, there are no {neon} signs or flashy words in which to market a potential meal to hungry animals.

자연 세계에서는 배고픈 동물들에게 잠재적인 식사를 마케팅하기 위한 네온 표시나 화려한 단어가 없다.

dessert

[dɪˈzɜːrt]

[명] 후식

[명] pudding, sweet, sweet course/dish

[명] A sweet dish served at the end of a meal; A sugary treat that concludes a dining experience
[형] Relating to a sweet course typically served at the end of a meal; Describing something that is sweet and served after the main dish

All of the restaurants are using carefully chosen words to evoke vivid mental images of delicious food and rich {desserts} in order to draw the potential customer to their particular establishment.

모든 식당은 잠재 고객을 특정 시설로 끌어들이기 위해 맛있고 풍부한 후식의 선명한 정신 이미지를 불러일으키기 위해 신중하게 선택된 단어를 사용하고 있다.

language

[ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ]

[명] 언어

[명] speech, tongue, dialect

[명] The primary way humans communicate using words and sounds; A set of words and rules used by a community for communication

Instead of using a written {language} or neon sign, they advertise their offerings just as effectively using the language of smell.

그들은 서면 언어나 네온 표시를 사용하는 대신, 냄새의 언어를 사용하여 제공물을 효과적으로 광고한다.

restaurant

[ˈrestrɑːnt]

[명] 식당

[명] eating place, café, eating house

[명] A place where people can enjoy meals that are prepared and served; An establishment where food and drinks are sold for consumption

All of the {restaurants} are using carefully chosen words to evoke vivid mental images of delicious food and rich desserts in order to draw the potential customer to their particular establishment.

모든 식당은 잠재 고객을 특정 시설로 끌어들이기 위해 맛있고 풍부한 후식의 선명한 정신 이미지를 불러일으키기 위해 신중하게 선택된 단어를 사용하고 있다.

smell

[smel]

[명] 냄새

[동] get a whiff of, scent, get a sniff of
[명] odour, scent, whiff

[동] To perceive or detect an odor using the nose; To sense a smell through the olfactory nerves
[명] The ability to sense odors using the nose; A quality that can be detected through the nose
[형] Having no odor; Not producing any scent

Instead of using a written language or neon sign, they advertise their offerings just as effectively using the language of {smell}.

그들은 서면 언어나 네온 표시를 사용하는 대신, 냄새의 언어를 사용하여 제공물을 효과적으로 광고한다.

nectar

[ˈnektə(r)]

[명] 꿀

[명] A sweet liquid produced by flowers that attracts pollinators like bees; A drink that was believed to grant immortality to the gods in Greek and Roman mythology
[형] Describing something that is exceptionally sweet; Referring to something that has a pleasant and delightful quality

These restaurants that I am referring to are the world's flowers, and the potential guests are the host of organisms that visit flowers to obtain {nectar} and other valuable resources.

내가 언급하는 이러한 식당은 세계의 꽃들이고, 잠재적인 손님들은 꽃을 방문하여 꿀과 다른 귀중한 자원을 얻는 유기체들이다.

vivid

[ˈvɪvɪd]

[형] 선명한

[형] bright, clear, bright-coloured

[형] dull, vague, washed out

[형] Producing strong feelings or clear images in the mind; Very bright or intense in color

All of the restaurants are using carefully chosen words to evoke {vivid} mental images of delicious food and rich desserts in order to draw the potential customer to their particular establishment.

모든 식당은 잠재 고객을 특정 시설로 끌어들이기 위해 맛있고 풍부한 후식의 선명한 정신 이미지를 불러일으키기 위해 신중하게 선택된 단어를 사용하고 있다.

flashy

[ˈflæʃi]

[형] 화려한

[형] ostentatious, showy, grandiose

[형] understated, plain, tasteful

[형] Attractively bright or showy, often to excess; Designed to catch attention with a bright or flashy appearance

In the natural world, there are no neon signs or {flashy} words in which to market a potential meal to hungry animals.

자연 세계에서는 배고픈 동물들에게 잠재적인 식사를 마케팅하기 위한 네온 표시나 화려한 단어가 없다.

establishment

[ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt]

[명] 시설

[명] setting up, creation, start

[명] disbandment, demolition

[명] The act of creating or setting up something; A place or organization where business is conducted

All of the restaurants are using carefully chosen words to evoke vivid mental images of delicious food and rich desserts in order to draw the potential customer to their particular {establishment}.

모든 식당은 잠재 고객을 특정 시설로 끌어들이기 위해 맛있고 풍부한 후식의 선명한 정신 이미지를 불러일으키기 위해 신중하게 선택된 단어를 사용하고 있다.

diner

[ˈdaɪnə(r)]

[명] 식사하는 사람

[명] A person who is eating in a restaurant; Someone who enjoys a meal at a dining establishment

In a fashion similar to the restaurants' financial dependence upon drawing in many customers, the restaurateurs of the natural world (i.e., flowers) must also attract potential {diners} to sample their offerings.

식당의 많은 고객을 끌어들이기 위한 재정적 의존과 유사한 방식으로, 자연 세계의 식당(즉, 꽃)은 잠재적인 식사하는 사람들을 끌어들여 그들의 제공물을 맛보아야 한다.

offering

[ˈɔːfərɪŋ]

[명] 제공물

[명] contribution, donation, gift

[명] A thing that is presented as a gift or contribution; An item offered during religious worship as a token of reverence

In a fashion similar to the restaurants' financial dependence upon drawing in many customers, the restaurateurs of the natural world (i.e., flowers) must also attract potential diners to sample their {offerings.}

식당의 많은 고객을 끌어들이기 위한 재정적 의존과 유사한 방식으로, 자연 세계의 식당(즉, 꽃)은 잠재적인 식사하는 사람들을 끌어들여 그들의 제공물을 맛보아야 한다.

organism

[ˈɔːrɡənɪzəm]

[명] 유기체

[명] living thing, creature, being

[명] An individual living thing, such as an animal or plant; A complete and distinct living entity

These restaurants that I am referring to are the world's flowers, and the potential guests are the host of {organisms} that visit flowers to obtain nectar and other valuable resources.

내가 언급하는 이러한 식당은 세계의 꽃들이고, 잠재적인 손님들은 꽃을 방문하여 꿀과 다른 귀중한 자원을 얻는 유기체들이다.

phenomenon

[fəˈnɑːmɪnən]

[명] 현상

[명] occurrence, event, happening

[명] A fact or event that is observed to exist or happen; An observable occurrence that can be studied

Science calls this {phenomenon} hyperbolic discounting.

과학에서는 이 현상을 쌍곡선 할인이라고 부른다.

higher

[ˈhaɪə(r)]

[형] 더 높은

[형] At a greater altitude than something else; More elevated in position or rank

The closer a reward is, the {higher} our 'emotional interest rate' rises and the more we are willing to give up in exchange for it.

보상이 가까울수록 우리의 '감정적 이자율'은 더 높아지고, 우리는 그것을 교환하기 위해 더 많은 것을 기꺼이 포기하게 된다.

prefer

[prɪˈfɜː(r)]

[동] 선호하다

[동] like better, favour, would rather

[동] To like one thing more than another; To choose something over another option

Second question: Would you {prefer} $1,000 today cash on the table or $1,100 in a month?

두 번째 질문: 오늘 테이블 위에 현금으로 $1,000을 선호하나요, 아니면 한 달 후에 $1,100을 선호하나요?

generously

[부] 관대하게

[부] In a way that shows a willingness to give more than what is required; In a manner that is open-handed and giving

A wise choice, since the interest will compensate you {generously} for any risks you face by waiting the extra few weeks.

현명한 선택이다. 이자는 추가 몇 주를 기다리면서 직면하는 모든 위험에 관대하게 보상해 줄 것이다.

amazing

[əˈmeɪzɪŋ]

[형] 놀라운

[형] astonishing, astounding, striking

[형] everyday

[형] Causing a strong sense of surprise or wonder; Remarkably impressive or surprising
[부] To an extraordinary degree; In a way that causes great surprise or wonder

This is {amazing}.

이것은 놀랍다.

willing

[ˈwɪlɪŋ]

[형] 기꺼이 하는

[형] ready, inclined, prepared

[형] unwilling, reluctant, disinclined

[형] Ready and eager to do something; Not opposed to doing something
[명] The state of being ready to do something; A readiness to act or respond

The closer a reward is, the higher our 'emotional interest rate' rises and the more we are {willing} to give up in exchange for it.

보상이 가까울수록 우리의 '감정적 이자율'은 더 높아지고, 우리는 그것을 교환하기 위해 더 많은 것을 기꺼이 포기하게 된다.

receive

[rɪˈsiːv]

[동] 받다

[동] be given, get, be presented with

[동] give, present, send

[동] To be given something, such as a gift or message; To accept or take something that is offered

Would you rather {receive} $1,000 in a year or $1,100 in a year and a month?

당신은 1년 후에 $1,000을 받는 것과 1년 1개월 후에 $1,100을 받는 것 중 어느 쪽이 더 나은가요?

interest

[ˈɪntrəst]

[명] 이자

[명] attentiveness, importance, attraction
[동] be of interest to, arouse your curiosity, appeal

[명] boredom, insignificance, disregard
[동] bore

[명] A feeling of wanting to know or explore something; The quality that attracts attention and curiosity
[동] To capture someone's attention or curiosity; To make someone want to learn or take part in something

Most people will opt for the larger sum in thirteen months —where else will you find a monthly {interest} rate of 10 percent.

대부분의 사람들은 13개월 후에 더 큰 액수를 선택할 것이며, 어디에서 10%의 월 이자율을 찾을 수 있을까요?

consistent

[kənˈsɪstənt]

[형] 일관된

[형] steady, stable, even

[형] inconsistent, erratic, irregular

[형] Acting in the same way over time to ensure fairness; Always behaving in a similar manner

The introduction of 'now' causes us to make {inconsistent} decisions.

'지금'이라는 개념의 도입은 우리가 일관되지 않은 결정을 내리게 한다.

compensate

[ˈkɑːmpenseɪt]

[동] 보상하다

[동] make amends, recompense, offset

[동] To give something in return for a loss or injury; To make up for a deficiency or weakness

A wise choice, since the interest will {compensate} you generously for any risks you face by waiting the extra few weeks.

현명한 선택이다. 이자는 추가 몇 주를 기다리면서 직면하는 모든 위험에 관대하게 보상해 줄 것이다.

exchange

[ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ]

[동] 교환하다

[동] trade, interchange, swap
[명] interchange, conversation, replacement

[동] To give something and receive something similar in return; To trade or swap one item for another
[명] An act of giving one thing and receiving another in return; A situation where two parties trade items of similar value

The closer a reward is, the higher our 'emotional interest rate' rises and the more we are willing to give up in {exchange} for it.

보상이 가까울수록 우리의 '감정적 이자율'은 더 높아지고, 우리는 그것을 교환하기 위해 더 많은 것을 기꺼이 포기하게 된다.

ultrasound

[ˈʌltrəsaʊnd]

[명] 초음파

[명] Sound waves with frequencies that are higher than humans can hear, often used in medical imaging; A medical procedure using high-frequency sound waves to create images of the inside of the body

In such studies, the hand and arm movements of unborn children in the womb are recorded using {ultrasound} images.

이러한 연구에서, 태아의 손과 팔의 움직임은 초음파 이미지를 사용하여 기록된다.

development

[dɪˈveləpmənt]

[명] 발달

[명] evolution, growth, design

[명] The process of improving or advancing something over time; A stage of growth or change in a situation or project

Of central importance for understanding the {development} of handedness is the answer to the question of when in development it is actually determined whether a child will be left‐handed or right‐handed.

손잡이 발달을 이해하는 데 중앙의 중요성은 아동이 왼손잡이인지 오른손잡이인지 실제로 결정되는 발달 시기에 대한 질문에 대한 대답이다.

determine

[dɪˈtɜːrmɪn]

[동] 결정되다

[동] control, affect, shape

[동] To decide something after careful consideration; To find out something through examination or investigation

Of central importance for understanding the development of handedness is the answer to the question of when in development it is actually {determined} whether a child will be left‐handed or right‐handed.

손잡이 발달을 이해하는 데 중앙의 중요성은 아동이 왼손잡이인지 오른손잡이인지 실제로 결정되는 발달 시기에 대한 질문에 대한 대답이다.

technique

[tekˈniːk]

[명] 기술

[명] method, approach, way

[명] A method for doing a specific task or performing an art; An approach that utilizes skill or special knowledge

Using this {technique}, it was shown that a clear preference for the movement of the right arm exists as early as 10 weeks after fertilization.

이 기술을 사용하여, 수정 후 10주가 지나면 오른팔의 움직임에 대한 명확한 선호가 존재한다는 것이 입증되었다.

movement

[ˈmuːvmənt]

[명] 움직임

[명] motion, group, move

[명] An act of changing position or location; The process of moving from one place to another

In such studies, the hand and arm {movements} of unborn children in the womb are recorded using ultrasound images.

이러한 연구에서, 태아의 손과 팔의 움직임은 초음파 이미지를 사용하여 기록된다.

assumption

[əˈsʌmpʃn]

[명] 가정

[명] supposition, presumption, presupposition

[명] A belief or statement accepted as true without proof; The act of taking on responsibility or control

However, this {assumption} is incorrect.

그러나 이 가정은 잘못되었다.

image

[ˈɪmɪdʒ]

[명] 이미지

[명] likeness, thought, reflection
[동] envisage, envision, imagine

[명] A picture or representation of someone or something; A visual depiction created by a camera or artist
[동] To create a representation of something; To make a mental picture or visualization

In such studies, the hand and arm movements of unborn children in the womb are recorded using ultrasound {images}.

이러한 연구에서, 태아의 손과 팔의 움직임은 초음파 이미지를 사용하여 기록된다.

question

[ˈkwestʃən]

[명] 질문

[명] enquiry, inquiry, query
[동] interrogate, interview, ask questions of

[명] answer, response, certainty
[동] accept

[명] A sentence that asks for information or clarification; An expression that seeks a response or answer
[동] To ask something in order to gain information; To express doubt or uncertainty about something

Of central importance for understanding the development of handedness is the answer to the {question} of when in development it is actually determined whether a child will be left‐handed or right‐handed.

손잡이 발달을 이해하는 데 중앙의 중요성은 아동이 왼손잡이인지 오른손잡이인지 실제로 결정되는 발달 시기에 대한 질문에 대한 대답이다.

evaluate

[ɪˈvæljueɪt]

[동] 평가하다

[동] assess, assess the worth of, rate

[동] To form an opinion about the value or quality of something; To determine the importance or worth of an item after careful consideration

In this study, ultrasound images of 72 unborn children 10 weeks after fertilization were {evaluated} and 85% showed more movements of the right arm than the left.

이번 연구에서, 수정 후 10주 된 72명의 태아의 초음파 이미지가 평가되었고, 85%가 왼쪽 팔보다 오른쪽 팔의 움직임이 더 많았다.

study

[ˈstʌdi]

[명] 연구

[명] learning, examination, education
[동] work, learn, scrutinize

[명] The act of devoting time to learn about a subject, often through books; A focused effort to gain knowledge in an academic area
[동] To dedicate time to learning or acquiring knowledge; To review or memorize facts and materials for understanding a subject

In fact, scientific {studies} show that left‐handedness is established in many children long before elementary school — interestingly, even before birth in most people.

실제로, 과학적인 연구들은 많은 아동들이 초등학교에 들어가기 훨씬 전에 왼손잡이가 확립된다는 것을 보여준다. 흥미롭게도, 대부분의 사람들은 태어나기 전에도 그렇다.

preference

[ˈprefrəns]

[명] 선호

[명] liking, partiality, wish

[명] A greater liking for one option compared to others; The choice of one thing over another based on personal taste

Using this technique, it was shown that a clear {preference} for the movement of the right arm exists as early as 10 weeks after fertilization.

이 기술을 사용하여, 수정 후 10주가 지나면 오른팔의 움직임에 대한 명확한 선호가 존재한다는 것이 입증되었다.

handedness

[hǽndidnis]

[명] 손잡이, 손의 사용

[명] the tendency to use either the right or the left hand more naturally than the other; a tendency to use one hand rather than the other

Of central importance for understanding the development of {handedness} is the answer to the question of when in development it is actually determined whether a child will be left‐handed or right‐handed.

손잡이 발달을 이해하는 데 중앙의 중요성은 아동이 왼손잡이인지 오른손잡이인지 실제로 결정되는 발달 시기에 대한 질문에 대한 대답이다.

answer

[ˈænsə(r)]

[명] 대답

[명] reply, response, rejoinder
[동] reply, respond, explain

[명] question, query
[동] ask

[명] A response given to a question or inquiry; Something said or written to reply to an inquiry
[동] To say or write something in response to a question; To provide a solution or response to an issue

Of central importance for understanding the development of handedness is the {answer} to the question of when in development it is actually determined whether a child will be left‐handed or right‐handed.

손잡이 발달을 이해하는 데 중앙의 중요성은 아동이 왼손잡이인지 오른손잡이인지 실제로 결정되는 발달 시기에 대한 질문에 대한 대답이다.

establish

[ɪˈstæblɪʃ]

[동] 확립되다

[동] set up, set sth up, start

[동] disband, demolish, disprove

[동] To set up something in a stable and lasting way; To create or found an organization, institution, or system

In fact, scientific studies show that left‐handedness is {established} in many children long before elementary school.

실제로, 과학적인 연구들은 많은 아동들이 초등학교에 들어가기 훨씬 전에 왼손잡이가 확립된다는 것을 보여준다.

scientific

[ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk]

[형] 과학적인

[형] technological, technical, research-based

[형] unsystematic, random

[형] Based on the principles and methods of science; Relating to or involving scientific methods

In fact, {scientific} studies show that left‐handedness is established in many children long before elementary school — interestingly, even before birth in most people.

실제로, 과학적인 연구들은 많은 아동들이 초등학교에 들어가기 훨씬 전에 왼손잡이가 확립된다는 것을 보여준다. 흥미롭게도, 대부분의 사람들은 태어나기 전에도 그렇다.

importance

[ɪmˈpɔːrtns]

[명] 중요성

[명] significance, momentousness, interest

[명] unimportance, insignificance

[명] The state of being significant or valuable; The quality of having great significance

Of central {importance} for understanding the development of handedness is the answer to the question of when in development it is actually determined whether a child will be left‐handed or right‐handed.

손잡이 발달을 이해하는 데 중앙의 중요성은 아동이 왼손잡이인지 오른손잡이인지 실제로 결정되는 발달 시기에 대한 질문에 대한 대답이다.

larger

[형] 더 큰

[형] Bigger than something else in size; Having a greater amount or capacity

The increase in US dairy product imports in the Philippines from 2018 to 2019 was {larger} than that in Indonesia in the same period.

2018년부터 2019년까지 필리핀의 미국 유제품 수입 증가는 같은 기간 인도네시아의 증가보다 더 컸다.

reverse

[rɪˈvɜːrs]

[명] 반대

[명] opposite, contrary, converse
[형] opposite, contrary, converse
[동] back, change, undo

[명] success, front, recto
[형] same, forwards
[동] go forwards, implement, keep to

[명] A complete change in direction or action; Something that is opposite to another thing
[형] Going in the opposite direction from what is usual; Having a condition that is contrary to the normal situation
[동] To move something backward; To change the direction or order to the opposite

However, US dairy product imports in Mexico decreased from 2019 to 2020, while the {reverse} was true in the other three countries during the same period.

그러나 멕시코의 미국 유제품 수입은 2019년부터 2020년까지 감소했고, 같은 기간 다른 세 나라에서는 반대의 경우였다.

decrease

[동] 감소하다

[동] lessen, drop, grow/become less
[명] reduction, lessening, drop

[동] increase
[명] increase, growth

[동] To make something smaller or fewer in size or amount; To become less in size, number, or intensity
[명] A situation where something becomes smaller in size or number; The act of making something less in amount or size

However, US dairy product imports in Mexico {decreased} from 2019 to 2020, while the reverse was true in the other three countries during the same period.

그러나 멕시코의 미국 유제품 수입은 2019년부터 2020년까지 감소했고, 같은 기간 다른 세 나라에서는 반대의 경우였다.

graph

[ɡræf]

[명] 그래프

[명] chart, diagram, grid
[동] plot, trace, draw up

[명] A visual representation showing the relationship between two or more variables; A diagram that illustrates data or information
[동] To create a visual representation of data on a graph; To display information using a graph format
[동/명] A visual representation of data, usually in the form of lines or bars; To draw a diagram or chart that illustrates relationships among variables

The {graph} above shows US dairy product imports in selected countries from 2018 to 2020.

위의 그래프는 2018년부터 2020년까지 선택된 나라의 미국 유제품 수입을 보여준다.

increase

[동] 증가하다

[동] grow, raise, get bigger
[명] growth, rise, inflation

[동] decrease, reduce, shrink
[명] decrease, reduction

[동] To make something larger or greater; To become bigger in size or amount
[명] A rise in the size or amount of something; The process of becoming larger in size or quantity

The {increase} in US dairy product imports in the Philippines from 2018 to 2019 was larger than that in Indonesia in the same period.

2018년부터 2019년까지 필리핀의 미국 유제품 수입 증가는 같은 기간 인도네시아의 증가보다 더 컸다.

drop

[drɑːp]

[동] 떨어지다

[명] droplet, decrease, bead
[동] let fall, fall, let go

[명] large amount, great deal, rise
[동] hold on to, lift, rise

[명] A small round shape of liquid that falls or hangs from a surface; The amount of liquid that forms a single rounded shape
[동] To let something fall down to the ground; To descend or fall from a higher position to a lower one

China was the only country where imports of US dairy products {dropped} between 2018 and 2019.

중국은 2018년과 2019년 사이에 미국 유제품 수입이 감소한 유일한 나라였다.

import

[동] [ɪmˈpɔːrt], [명] [ˈɪmpɔːrt]

[동] 수입하다

[동] buy from abroad, bring in, bring from abroad
[명] imported commodity, significance, foreign commodity

[동] export
[명] export, insignificance

[동] To bring goods into a country from abroad for sale; To acquire items from a foreign source
[명] A product or service brought from another country for sale; An item that is brought in from abroad to be sold

The graph above shows US dairy product {imports} in selected countries from 2018 to 2020.

위의 그래프는 2018년부터 2020년까지 선택된 나라의 미국 유제품 수입을 보여준다.

record

[동] [rɪˈkɔːrd], [명] [ˈrekərd]

[동] 기록하다

[동] write down, set down, register
[명] account, document, diary
[형] record-breaking, best ever, its/one's best

[형] worst

[동] To write or store information for future reference; To make a permanent account of something
[명] A document or item that provides evidence of past events or actions; An official written account that contains important information
[형] Describing something that is extraordinary compared to others of its type; Indicating the best or most impressive among similar items

Among the four countries above, Mexico consistently {recorded} the highest imports of US dairy products from 2018 to 2020.

위의 네 나라 중 멕시코는 2018년부터 2020년까지 미국 유제품의 수입이 가장 높은 것으로 지속적으로 기록되었다.

country

[ˈkʌntri]

[명] 나라

[명] state, nation, sovereign state
[형] rural, countryside, outdoor

[명] city
[형] urban

[명] A nation that has its own government and defined territory; An area of land governed by a specific political entity
[형] Relating to the rural area or countryside; Characteristic of life in the countryside

China was the only {country} where imports of US dairy products dropped between 2018 and 2019.

중국은 2018년과 2019년 사이에 미국 유제품 수입이 감소한 유일한 나라였다.

consistently

[부] 지속적으로

[부] In every case or on every occasion; In a consistent manner

Among the four countries above, Mexico {consistently} recorded the highest imports of US dairy products from 2018 to 2020.

위의 네 나라 중 멕시코는 2018년부터 2020년까지 미국 유제품의 수입이 가장 높은 것으로 지속적으로 기록되었다.

architect

[ˈɑːrkɪtekt]

[명] 건축가

[명] designer, planner, builder

[명] A qualified person who designs buildings and oversees their construction; An expert who creates architectural plans and supervises building projects
[동] To create a plan or design for a building or structure; To develop a detailed plan that outlines the structure or appearance of something

Filippo was artistically talented, and trained as a goldsmith and a clockmaker before becoming an {architect}.

필리포는 예술적으로 재능이 있었으며, 건축가가 되기 전에 금세공인과 시계제작자로 훈련받았다.

founding

[형] 창시의

Filippo Brunelleschi is considered to be the {founding} father of Renaissance architecture.

필리포 브루넬레스키는 르네상스 건축의 창시자로 여겨진다.

Ospedale degli Innocenti

[명] 인노첸티 병원

His first architectural commission was the {Ospedale degli Innocenti}, which is one of the great Renaissance buildings.

그의 첫 번째 건축 의뢰는 인노첸티 병원이었으며, 이는 훌륭한 르네상스 건물 중 하나이다.

clockmaker

[명] 시계제작자

Filippo was artistically talented, and trained as a goldsmith and a {clockmaker} before becoming an architect.

필리포는 예술적으로 재능이 있었으며, 건축가가 되기 전에 금세공인과 시계제작자로 훈련받았다.

artistically

[ɑ:rtístikəli]

[부] 예술적으로

[부] In a way that relates to art or artists; Done in a manner that is creative and imaginative

Filippo was {artistically} talented, and trained as a goldsmith and a clockmaker before becoming an architect.

필리포는 예술적으로 재능이 있었으며, 건축가가 되기 전에 금세공인과 시계제작자로 훈련받았다.

machinery

[məˈʃiːnəri]

[명] 기계

[명] equipment, apparatus, gear

[명] Machines considered as a whole; A collection of machines used for a specific purpose

He also designed {machinery} to produce special effects in theatrical productions.

그는 극장 제작에서 특수 효과를 내기 위해 기계를 설계했다.

production

[prəˈdʌkʃn]

[명] 제작

[명] manufacture, producing, construction

[명] The process of making goods from raw materials; The act of creating something through various methods

He also designed machinery to produce special effects in theatrical {productions}.

그는 극장 제작에서 특수 효과를 내기 위해 기계를 설계했다.

architecture

[ˈɑːrkɪtektʃə(r)]

[명] 건축

[명] building design, design, planning

[명] The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings; The science of creating and managing the design of buildings and structures

Filippo Brunelleschi is considered to be the founding father of Renaissance {architecture}.

필리포 브루넬레스키는 르네상스 건축의 창시자로 여겨진다.

theatrical

[θiˈætrɪkl]

[형] 극장의

[형] stage, dramatic, thespian

[형] natural, unaffected

[형] Related to acting or the theater; Exaggerated in a dramatic manner
[명] A person who acts in plays, films, or television; The art or profession of performing on stage

He also designed machinery to produce special effects in {theatrical} productions.

그는 극장 제작에서 특수 효과를 내기 위해 기계를 설계했다.

masterpiece

[ˈmæstərpiːs]

[명] 걸작

[명] triumph, classic, coup

[명] failure

[명] A work that displays exceptional artistry or skill; An art piece or creation that is highly regarded for its quality

And the stunning dome of Il Duomo is his {masterpiece}.

그리고 일 두오모의 멋진 돔은 그의 걸작이다.

bury

[ˈberi]

[동] 묻히다

[동] inter, lay to rest, consign to the grave

[동] exhume, dig up, reveal

[동] To put something underground or conceal it; To place a dead body in a grave as part of a funeral
[명] A type of dwelling or residence; A specific area or location for living

He died in Florence and was {buried} in Il Duomo.

그는 피렌체에서 죽었고 일 두오모에 묻혔다.

commission

[kəˈmɪʃn]

[명] 의뢰

[명] percentage, duty, brokerage
[동] engage, appoint, contract

[명] A formal instruction given to a person or group to carry out specific tasks; An official group assigned to oversee or manage a particular issue
[동] To order or authorize something to be produced; To officially assign someone a task

His first architectural {commission} was the Ospedale degli Innocenti, which is one of the great Renaissance buildings.

그의 첫 번째 건축 의뢰는 인노첸티 병원이었으며, 이는 훌륭한 르네상스 건물 중 하나이다.

goldsmith

[ˈɡoʊldsmɪθ]

[명] 금세공인

[명] a person who makes gold articles; one who makes or deals in articles of gold

Filippo was artistically talented, and trained as a {goldsmith} and a clockmaker before becoming an architect.

필리포는 예술적으로 재능이 있었으며, 건축가가 되기 전에 금세공인과 시계제작자로 훈련받았다.

remains

[rɪˈmeɪnz]

[명] 유적

[명] remainder, remnants, ruin

[명] The leftover parts after something is taken away or used; The body of a deceased person or animal

When he was around 25, he traveled to Rome with his friend, the sculptor Donatello, where he studied the {remains} of ancient Roman buildings.

그가 약 25세였을 때, 그는 친구인 조각가 도나텔로와 함께 로마로 여행하면서 고대 로마 건물의 유적을 연구했다.

Renaissance

[ˈrenəsɑːns]

[명] 르네상스

[명] A period in European history marked by a revival of art and literature; The cultural movement that began in Italy in the 14th century and spread across Europe
[형] Relating to the period of European history known as the Renaissance; Connected with the revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe during the 14th to 17th centuries

His first architectural commission was the Ospedale degli Innocenti, which is one of the great {Renaissance} buildings.

그의 첫 번째 건축 의뢰는 인노첸티 병원이었으며, 이는 훌륭한 르네상스 건물 중 하나이다.

sculptor

[ˈskʌlptə(r)]

[명] 조각가

[명] carver, modeller

[명] An artist who creates three-dimensional works of art; A person who shapes materials into artistic forms

When he was around 25, he traveled to Rome with his friend, the {sculptor} Donatello, where he studied the remains of ancient Roman buildings.

그가 약 25세였을 때, 그는 친구인 조각가 도나텔로와 함께 로마로 여행하면서 고대 로마 건물의 유적을 연구했다.

presentation

[ˌpriːzenˈteɪʃn]

[명] 발표

[명] awarding, giving, demonstration

[명] The act of showing or explaining something to an audience; A formal event where something is given or displayed

Programs ⦁Day 1: Team Building & Leadership Skills Workshop ⦁Day 2: Culture Tour ⦁Day 3: Leadership Project Planning & {Presentations} Participation Fee: $700 Notes ⦁Registration is only available online at www.ylc2025.com.

프로그램 ⦁1일: 팀 빌딩 및 리더십 기술 워크숍 ⦁2일: 문화 투어 ⦁3일: 리더십 프로젝트 계획 및 발표 참여 요금: $700 비고 ⦁등록은 www.ylc2025.com에서만 가능하다.

Participation

[pɑːrˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn]

[명] 참여

Programs ⦁Day 1: Team Building & Leadership Skills Workshop ⦁Day 2: Culture Tour ⦁Day 3: Leadership Project Planning & Presentations {Participation} Fee: $700 Notes ⦁Registration is only available online at www.ylc2025.com.

프로그램 ⦁1일: 팀 빌딩 및 리더십 기술 워크숍 ⦁2일: 문화 투어 ⦁3일: 리더십 프로젝트 계획 및 발표 참여 요금: $700 비고 ⦁등록은 www.ylc2025.com에서만 가능하다.

Planning

[명] 계획

Programs ⦁Day 1: Team Building & Leadership Skills Workshop ⦁Day 2: Culture Tour ⦁Day 3: Leadership Project {Planning} & Presentations Participation Fee: $700 Notes ⦁Registration is only available online at www.ylc2025.com.

프로그램 ⦁1일: 팀 빌딩 및 리더십 기술 워크숍 ⦁2일: 문화 투어 ⦁3일: 리더십 프로젝트 계획 및 발표 참여 요금: $700 비고 ⦁등록은 www.ylc2025.com에서만 가능하다.

registration

[ˌredʒɪˈstreɪʃn]

[명] 등록

[명] The action of signing up for something officially; The process of entering information in a public record

Notes ⦁{Registration} is only available online at www.ylc2025.com.

비고 ⦁등록은 www.ylc2025.com에서만 가능하다.

Culture

[ˈkʌltʃə(r)]

[명] 문화

[명] the arts, society, the humanities

[명] The shared beliefs and practices of a group of people; The artistic and intellectual achievements of a society
[동] To keep something in an environment where it can grow; To grow organisms or cells in controlled conditions

Programs ⦁Day 1: Team Building & Leadership Skills Workshop ⦁Day 2: {Culture} Tour ⦁Day 3: Leadership Project Planning & Presentations Participation Fee: $700 Notes ⦁Registration is only available online at www.ylc2025.com.

프로그램 ⦁1일: 팀 빌딩 및 리더십 기술 워크숍 ⦁2일: 문화 투어 ⦁3일: 리더십 프로젝트 계획 및 발표 참여 요금: $700 비고 ⦁등록은 www.ylc2025.com에서만 가능하다.

information

[ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃn]

[명] 정보

[명] details, facts, data

[명] Facts or details provided about a specific subject; Knowledge gained through study or experience

For more {information}, please visit our website.

자세한 정보는 저희 웹사이트를 방문해 주십시오.

leadership

[ˈliːdərʃɪp]

[명] 리더십

[명] headship, authority, directorship

[명] The act of guiding a group of people or an organization; A role where one leads or directs others

Youth Leaders Camp This camp is an annual event to improve your {leadership}.

청소년 리더 캠프는 여러분의 리더십을 향상시키기 위한 연례 행사이다.

Fee

[fiː]

[명] 요금

[명] payment, charge, emolument

[명] A sum of money paid for professional services; An amount required as payment for a service or privilege
[동] To make a payment for services provided; To compensate someone for their work

Participation {Fee}: $700 Notes ⦁Registration is only available online at www.ylc2025.com.

참여 요금: $700 비고 ⦁등록은 www.ylc2025.com에서만 가능하다.

Workshop

[ˈwɜːrkʃɑːp]

[명] 워크숍

[명] factory, seminar, works

[명] a room or building in which goods are manufactured or repaired; a place where things are made or repaired
[동] present a performance of , using intensive group discussion and improvisation in order to explore aspects of the production prior to formal staging; To help a playwright revise a draft of by rehearsing it with actors and critiquing the results

Programs ⦁Day 1: Team Building & Leadership Skills {Workshop} ⦁Day 2: Culture Tour ⦁Day 3: Leadership Project Planning & Presentations Participation Fee: $700 Notes ⦁Registration is only available online at www.ylc2025.com.

프로그램 ⦁1일: 팀 빌딩 및 리더십 기술 워크숍 ⦁2일: 문화 투어 ⦁3일: 리더십 프로젝트 계획 및 발표 참여 요금: $700 비고 ⦁등록은 www.ylc2025.com에서만 가능하다.

include

[ɪnˈkluːd]

[동] 포함하다

[동] incorporate, contain, comprise

[동] exclude, omit, leave out

[동] To contain as part of a whole; To have something as part of a group

⦁Participation fee {includes} everything except for the flight tickets to Canada.

⦁참여 요금은 캐나다행 항공권을 제외한 모든 것을 포함한다.

plogging

[명] 쓰레기를 줍는 조깅

P{logging} Run Jog, walk, pick up trash, and conserve the Earth!

쓰레기를 줍는 조깅인 플로깅 런에서는 조깅하고 걷고 쓰레기를 줍고 지구를 보호한다.

provided

[prəˈvaɪdɪd]

[형] 제공된

[접] if, on condition that, providing

[접] On the condition or understanding that something happens; Only if a certain requirement is met
[형] Supplied or given for use; Made available to someone or something

Garbage bags will be {provided}.

쓰레기 봉투가 제공된다.

participation

[pɑːrˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn]

[명] 참여

[명] involvement, taking part, contribution

[명] The act of joining in or taking part in an activity; The involvement of individuals in a group or event
[형] Relating to being involved in something; Describing the act of taking part in an activity

There is no {participation} fee.

참여 비용은 없다.

conserve

[동] 보호하다

[동] preserve, save, protect
[명] jam, preserve, jelly

[동] squander, waste

[동] To protect something from harm or destruction; To keep something safe from being damaged or destroyed
[명] A sweet food made by preserving fruit with sugar; A type of jam that is made from cooked fruit and sugar

Plogging Run Jog, walk, pick up trash, and {conserve} the Earth!

쓰레기를 줍는 조깅인 플로깅 런에서는 조깅하고 걷고 쓰레기를 줍고 지구를 보호한다.

cancelled

[형] 취소된

If it rains, the event will be {cancelled}.

비가 오면 행사는 취소된다.

athletic

[æθˈletɪk]

[형] 운동의

[형] muscular, fit, muscly

[형] weak, feeble, frail

[형] Physically strong, fit, and active; Related to athletes or sports activities

Wear comfortable {athletic} clothes and running shoes for your safety.

안전을 위해 편안한 운동복과 러닝화를 착용하라.

capable

[ˈkeɪpəbl]

[형] 능력 있는

[형] competent, able, fitted

[형] incompetent, incapable, inept

[형] Having the necessary skills or qualities to perform a task; Able to achieve goals effectively

In fact, there were entire years during junior high when we weren't {capable} of thinking about much else.

실제로, 우리는 중학교 시절에 다른 것에 대해 생각할 능력이 없었던 해가 있었다.

complex

[형] [kəmˈpleks], [명] [ˈkɑːmpleks]

[형] 복잡한

[형] complicated, compound, involved
[명] network, structure, system

[형] simple, straightforward

[형] Having many interconnected parts that make it complicated; Difficult to understand or explain because of its intricate nature
[명] A collection of buildings grouped together for a specific purpose; A system consisting of interconnected parts that create a whole
[동] To make something complicated or difficult to understand; To create a complex relationship or structure with another

There's one {complex} network that is larger and quicker to access than all others — the self.

모든 것보다 더 크고 빠르게 접근할 수 있는 복잡한 네트워크가 하나 있다 — 바로 자아이다.

anecdote

[ˈænɪkdoʊt]

[명] 일화

[명] story, tale, narrative

[명] A short and funny or interesting story about a real event or person; A brief narrative that tells an amusing or personal experience

We might forget an {anecdote} about a stranger because it makes few connections with our existing associations, but we won't forget a piece of gossip about our cousin.

우리는 낯선 사람에 대한 일화를 잊을 수 있지만, 사촌에 대한 소문은 잊지 않을 것이다.

abstract

[형/명] [ˈæbstrækt], [동] [æbˈstrækt]

[형] 추상적인

[형] theoretical, conceptual, general
[명] summary, synopsis, résumé
[동] summarize, extract, write a summary of

[형] actual, concrete, representational
[명] complete version, expansion, full text
[동] add

[형] Existing only in thought and not in physical form; Relating to general ideas rather than specific instances
[명] A summary of the main ideas or points in a document; A brief overview of a longer text, capturing its essence
[동] To think of something in a theoretical or separate manner; To create a summary that captures the most important points

The most effective communicators find ways to make the {abstract} personal.

가장 효과적인 의사소통자는 추상적인 것을 개인적으로 만드는 방법을 찾는다.

process

[ˈprɑːses]

[동] 처리하다

[명] procedure, operation, routine
[동] deal with, attend to, see to

[명] A series of steps taken to achieve a goal; A sequence of actions that leads to a result
[동] To perform a series of actions to change or prepare something; To handle something following a specific procedure
[형] Referring to something that has been made or treated using a special method; Describing an item produced through specific mechanical means

So if a new piece of information has something to do with us, it will be more easily and thoroughly {processed.}

따라서 새로운 정보가 우리와 관련이 있다면, 그것은 더 쉽게 그리고 철저히 처리될 것이다.

network

[ˈnetwɜːrk]

[명] 네트워크

[명] web, criss-cross, system

[명] A system made up of connected lines or elements; A group of people or organizations that work together
[동] To connect devices so they can share information and resources; To establish professional relationships for mutual benefit
[형] Related to a system of interconnected people or things; Describing something that is part of a communication system

There's one complex {network} that is larger and quicker to access than all others — the self.

모든 것보다 더 크고 빠르게 접근할 수 있는 복잡한 네트워크가 하나 있다 — 바로 자아이다.

statistic

[stəˈtɪstɪk]

[명] 통계

[명] A piece of numerical data that provides information about a specific group or event; A number that summarizes or represents a larger set of data
[형] Relating to the collection and analysis of numerical data; Describing information that is expressed in numbers

Hearing that "the first‐year dropout rate is 33%" is an abstract {statistic}.

"1학년 중퇴율이 33%"라는 말을 듣는 것은 추상적인 통계이다.

dropout

[ˈdrɑːpaʊt]

[명] 중퇴자

[명] beatnik, hippy, bohemian

[명] A person who leaves school or college before completing their studies; Someone who opts out of conventional education
[동] To leave school or a program before completion; To stop attending a course or educational institution

Hearing that "the first‐year {dropout} rate is 33%" is an abstract statistic.

"1학년 중퇴율이 33%"라는 말을 듣는 것은 추상적인 통계이다.

motivate

[ˈmoʊtɪveɪt]

[동] 동기부여하다

[동] prompt, inspire, drive

[동] demotivate

[동] To provide someone with a reason to do something; To inspire someone to take action

Consider the warning that law schools give to {motivate} first‐year law students concerning the rigors of their program.

법대가 1학년 법학도들에게 그들의 프로그램의 엄격함에 대해 동기부여하기 위해 주는 경고를 생각해보라.

gossip

[ˈɡɑːsɪp]

[명] 소문

[명] tittle-tattle, idle talk, tattle
[동] spread rumours, chat, spread gossip

[명] facts, the truth

[명] Informal conversation about people's private lives, often involving rumors; Casual talk that involves details about others that may not be true
[동] To talk about the private matters of others; To share idle talk or rumors about people

We might forget an anecdote about a stranger because it makes few connections with our existing associations, but we won't forget a piece of {gossip} about our cousin.

우리는 낯선 사람에 대한 일화를 잊을 수 있지만, 사촌에 대한 소문은 잊지 않을 것이다.

rigor

[ríɡər]

[명] 엄격함

[명] The quality of being strict and demanding; A state of harshness or severity

Consider the warning that law schools give to motivate first‐year law students concerning the {rigors} of their program.

법대가 1학년 법학도들에게 그들의 프로그램의 엄격함에 대해 동기부여하기 위해 주는 경고를 생각해보라.

document

[ˈdɑːkjumənt]

[명] 문서

[명] official paper, paper, file
[동] record, support, register

[명] A written or printed paper that provides information or serves as an official record; An official paper used as proof or support of something
[동] To record information in a written or visual format; To create official papers that provide evidence or details

In the pre‐computer workplace, when ideas were written on paper it was called ... a {document}.

컴퓨터 이전의 직장에서 아이디어가 종이에 쓰일 때 그것은 ... 문서라고 불렸다.

technology

[tekˈnɑːlədʒi]

[명] 기술

[명] hardware, machinery, plant

[명] The use of scientific knowledge for practical applications in various fields; A system of tools, machines, and methods used in a particular area

Steve Jobs used analogy to get people to embrace the new {technology}.

스티브 잡스는 사람들이 새로운 기술을 포용하도록 유추를 사용했다.

unfamiliar

[ˌʌnfəˈmɪliə(r)]

[형] 낯선

[형] unknown, strange, new

[형] familiar, common, acquainted with

[형] Not known or recognized; Strange or not familiar

Jobs drew strong analogies between the traditional workplace people knew well with the new, {unfamiliar} virtual workplace.

잡스는 사람들이 잘 알고 있는 전통적인 직장과 새로운, 낯선 가상 직장 사이에 강한 유추를 했다.

radically

[ˈrædɪkli]

[부] 근본적으로

[부] In a very thorough or complete way; In a fundamental or essential manner

The idea of working in a virtual world was {radically} different.

가상 세계에서 일하는 개념은 근본적으로 달랐다.

analogy

[əˈnælədʒi]

[명] 유추

[명] similarity, parallel, relation

[명] dissimilarity

[명] A comparison that explains or clarifies something by highlighting similarities; An association between two different things based on shared characteristics

Steve Jobs used {analogy} to get people to embrace the new technology.

스티브 잡스는 사람들이 새로운 기술을 포용하도록 유추를 사용했다.

fundamentally

[ˌfʌndəˈmentəli]

[부] 근본적으로

[부] basically, elementally, at heart

[부] superficially, ostensibly

[부] In a central or primary way; At the core or most basic level

What Jobs understood was that a physical office was {fundamentally} similar to a virtual office.

잡스가 이해한 것은 물리적인 사무실이 가상 사무실과 근본적으로 유사하다는 것이었다.

workplace

[ˈwɜːrkpleɪs]

[명] 직장

[명] A location where individuals engage in professional tasks; The environment in which employees carry out their duties

Jobs drew strong analogies between the traditional {workplace} people knew well with the new, unfamiliar virtual workplace.

잡스는 사람들이 잘 알고 있는 전통적인 직장과 새로운, 낯선 가상 직장 사이에 강한 유추를 했다.

similar

[ˈsɪmələ(r)]

[형] 유사한

[형] alike, the same, uniform

[형] dissimilar, different, dissimilar to

[형] Having a likeness in certain aspects without being identical; Sharing common features or traits
[명] A person or thing that shares characteristics with another; Something that looks or behaves like something else

What Jobs understood was that a physical office was fundamentally {similar} to a virtual office.

잡스가 이해한 것은 물리적인 사무실이 가상 사무실과 근본적으로 유사하다는 것이었다.

desktop

[ˈdesktɑːp]

[명] 책상

[형] Referring to something that is designed to be used on a desk; Of a size that fits well on a desk or table
[명] The flat surface of a desk where work is done; A type of computer designed to be used on a desk

And those folders were kept on ... a {desk}.

그리고 그 폴더들은 ... 책상 위에 보관되었다.

folder

[ˈfoʊldə(r)]

[명] 폴더

[명] file, binder, portfolio

[명] A cover for storing loose papers; An organizer used to keep related documents together

When those documents needed to be stored they were put in ... a {folder.}

그 문서들이 저장될 필요가 있을 때, 그것들은 ... 폴더에 넣어졌다.

physical

[ˈfɪzɪkl]

[형] 물리적인

[형] bodily, corporal, corporeal

[형] mental, clerical, intellectual

[형] Relating to the body, not the mind; Having a form that can be touched or seen
[명] An examination to assess a person's physical health; A check-up to determine the condition of the body

Before computers, people worked in a {physical} world.

컴퓨터 이전에 사람들은 물리적인 세계에서 일했다.

embrace

[ɪmˈbreɪs]

[동] 포용하다

[동] hug, take/hold in one's arms, hold
[명] hug, cuddle, hold

[동] reject, exclude

[동] To hold someone closely in your arms as a sign of affection; To accept someone or something willingly and enthusiastically
[명] An act of holding someone closely in one's arms as a sign of affection; The action of surrounding someone with your arms to show love

Steve Jobs used analogy to get people to {embrace} the new technology.

스티브 잡스는 사람들이 새로운 기술을 포용하도록 유추를 사용했다.

selfdestructive

[형] 자기 파괴적인

Are {selfdestructive} sea turtles naturally irrational?

자기 파괴적인 바다 거북은 본래 비이성적인가?

crawl

[krɔːl]

[동] 기어가다

[동] creep, go on all fours, slither

[동] run

[동] To move forward on hands and knees; To creep slowly along the ground
[명] The action of moving on hands and knees; A very slow way of moving forward

Turtle hatchlings have, it seems, evolved to {crawl} toward the light.

거북 아기들은, 보아하니, 빛을 향해 기어가도록 진화한 것 같다.

traffic

[ˈtræfɪk]

[명] 교통

[명] vehicles, transport, congestion
[동] trade, deal, market

[명] The movement of vehicles on a road or highway; The total number of vehicles or people moving in a specific area
[동] To engage in the illegal buying or selling of goods; To trade or exchange goods or services unlawfully
[형] Relating to the movement of vehicles and people; Describing a situation where there are many cars on the roads

Now after hatching, turtles heading for the brightest nearby lights were being guided straight into {traffic}.

이제 태어난 후, 가장 밝은 인근의 빛을 향해 가는 거북들은 교통으로 곧장 안내되고 있었다.

blinded

[형] 눈이 멀어진

[명] screen, shade, louvre
[동] make blind, deprive of sight, deprive of vision
[형] visually impaired, sightless, unsighted

[동] reveal
[형] sighted, perceptive, aware

Turtles are basing their decisions on simple cues that were perfectly rational for their ancestors; these days, however, their evolved decision‐making mechanisms are being {blinded} by modern lights.

거북들은 조상들에게 완벽하게 이성적이었던 단순한 단서에 따라 결정을 내리고 있다.

representation

[ˌreprɪzenˈteɪʃn]

[명] 표현, 나타냄

[명] portrayal, body of representatives, depiction

[명] The act of speaking or acting on behalf of someone; A depiction or portrayal of someone or something

For millions of years this was a highly rational and effective strategy because the light on a dark beach {represented} the reflection of the moon and stars on the water's surface.

수백만 년 동안 이것은 매우 이성적이고 효과적인 전략이었다.

ancestor

[ˈænsestə(r)]

[명] 조상

[명] forebear, forefather, predecessor

[명] descendant, successor

[명] A person from whom someone is descended, typically more distant than a grandparent; An individual from an earlier generation in one's family
[동] To be a direct relative from a previous generation; To originate from someone who lived in the past

Turtles are basing their decisions on simple cues that were perfectly rational for their {ancestors;} these days, however, their evolved decision‐making mechanisms are being blinded by modern lights.

거북들은 조상들에게 완벽하게 이성적이었던 단순한 단서에 따라 결정을 내리고 있다.

strategy

[ˈstrætədʒi]

[명] 전략

[명] master plan, policy, grand design

[명] A plan of action designed to achieve a long-term goal; The art of coordinating military operations to win a war

For millions of years this was a highly rational and effective {strategy} because the light on a dark beach represented the reflection of the moon and stars on the water's surface.

수백만 년 동안 이것은 매우 이성적이고 효과적인 전략이었다.

hatchling

[ˈhætʃlɪŋ]

[명] 태어난 아기 거북

[명] A young animal that has just come out of its egg; A small creature that has recently hatched

Turtle {hatchlings} have, it seems, evolved to crawl toward the light.

거북 아기들은, 보아하니, 빛을 향해 기어가도록 진화한 것 같다.

reflection

[명] 반사

[명] sending back, image, throwing back

[명] absorption

[명] An image that is seen in a mirror or shiny surface; The act of thinking carefully about something

For millions of years this was a highly rational and effective strategy because the light on a dark beach represented the {reflection} of the moon and stars on the water's surface.

수백만 년 동안 이것은 매우 이성적이고 효과적인 전략이었다.

evolve

[iˈvɑːlv]

[동] 진화하다

[동] develop, progress, metamorphose

[동] To develop gradually over time; To change or develop through a process

Turtle hatchlings have, it seems, {evolved} to crawl toward the light.

거북 아기들은, 보아하니, 빛을 향해 기어가도록 진화한 것 같다.

mechanism

[ˈmekənɪzəm]

[명] 기제

[명] apparatus, workings, machine

[명] A system of parts working together within a machine; A device composed of interconnected components

these days, however, their evolved decision‐making {mechanisms} are being blinded by modern lights.

하지만 최근에는 그들의 진화된 의사결정 기제가 현대의 빛에 의해 눈이 멀어지고 있다.

cue

[kjuː]

[명] 단서

[명] signal, sign, indication

[명] A long, thin stick used in games like billiards and snooker to strike the ball; A signal or prompt for someone to perform an action, such as starting a speech
[동] To provide a signal for someone to begin or act; To indicate or remind someone to do something

Turtles are basing their decisions on simple {cues} that were perfectly rational for their ancestors; these days, however, their evolved decision‐making mechanisms are being blinded by modern lights.

거북들은 조상들에게 완벽하게 이성적이었던 단순한 단서에 따라 결정을 내리고 있다.

irrational

[ɪˈræʃənl]

[형] 비이성적인

[형] unreasonable, illogical, crazy

[형] rational, logical

[형] Not logical or reasonable; Lacking the ability to think clearly
[명] A number that cannot be expressed as a simple fraction; An entity that acts without reason or logic

Are selfdestructive sea turtles naturally {irrational}?

자기 파괴적인 바다 거북은 본래 비이성적인가?

communication

[kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃn]

[명] 의사소통

[명] transmission, contact, connections

[명] The process of sharing information through speaking, writing, or other methods; An exchange of ideas or information between people

Sensory organs are the only channels of {communication} between the brain and the outside world.

감각 기관은 뇌와 외부 세계 간의 유일한 의사소통 경로이다.

apparent

[əˈpærənt]

[형] 분명한

[형] evident, seeming, outward

[형] unclear, actual, obscure

[형] Clearly seen or understood; Obvious and easy to notice

From these experiments and others, it is {apparent} that we need constant input from our senses to carry out functions that give us personality and intellect.

이 실험들과 다른 실험들로부터, 우리는 성격과 지성을 부여하는 기능을 수행하기 위해 감각으로부터 지속적인 입력이 필요하다는 것이 분명하다.

hallucination

[həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃn]

[명] 환각

[명] delusion, illusion, dream

[명] An experience where someone perceives something that is not actually there; A false perception that appears real but is caused by mental illness or drugs

They soon experience visual, auditory, and tactile (touch) {hallucinations,} as well as incoherent thought patterns.

그들은 곧 시각적, 청각적, 촉각적 환각을 경험하며, 일관성 없는 사고 패턴을 경험한다.

deprivation

[ˌdeprɪˈveɪʃn]

[명] 결핍

[명] poverty, lack, impoverishment

[명] wealth, possession

[명] The lack of basic necessities that are essential for a person's well-being; A state where someone does not have something they need

This concept can be seen clearly when volunteers are blind‐folded and placed in the warm water of a sensory {deprivation} tank.

이 개념은 자원봉사자들이 눈을 가리고 감각 결핍 탱크의 따뜻한 물에 놓일 때 명확히 볼 수 있다.

characteristic

[ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk]

[명] 특성

[형] typical, usual, special
[명] attribute, feature, mark

[형] unusual, rare

[형] Typical of a specific person, place, or thing; Showing the special traits or qualities of something
[명] A quality or feature that helps to identify someone or something; A trait that makes a person or thing unique

The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle recognized this {characteristic} of the brain over 2,000 years ago when he said, "Nothing is in the mind that does not pass through the senses."

고대 그리스 철학자 아리스토텔레스는 2,000년 전 이 뇌의 특성을 인식하고 "감각을 통과하지 않는 것은 마음에 없다"라고 말했다.

sensory

[ˈsensəri]

[형] 감각의

[형] Related to the senses or to sensation; Involving the physical perception of stimuli
[명] Related to sensations or sensory perceptions; The part of the nervous system related to the senses

{Sensory} organs are the only channels of communication between the brain and the outside world.

감각 기관은 뇌와 외부 세계 간의 유일한 의사소통 경로이다.

incoherent

[ˌɪnkoʊˈhɪrənt]

[형] 일관성 없는

[형] unclear, unintelligible, confused

[형] coherent, lucid, intelligible

[형] Expressed in a way that is difficult to understand; Lacking a clear or organized structure

They soon experience visual, auditory, and tactile (touch) hallucinations, as well as {incoherent} thought patterns.

그들은 곧 시각적, 청각적, 촉각적 환각을 경험하며, 일관성 없는 사고 패턴을 경험한다.

constant

[ˈkɑːnstənt]

[형] 지속적인

[형] continual, continuous, sustained
[명] unchanging factor, unchanging state of affairs, unchanging situation

[형] inconstant, occasional, fitful

[형] Continuously occurring without interruption; Remaining the same over time without change
[명] Something that remains the same over time; An unchanging situation or condition

From these experiments and others, it is apparent that we need {constant} input from our senses to carry out functions that give us personality and intellect.

이 실험들과 다른 실험들로부터, 우리는 성격과 지성을 부여하는 기능을 수행하기 위해 감각으로부터 지속적인 입력이 필요하다는 것이 분명하다.

concept

[ˈkɑːnsept]

[명] 개념

[명] idea, notion, view

[명] An abstract idea or general notion; A mental representation of an idea or phenomenon
[형] Relating to a central idea or theme; Designed to highlight a particular idea
[동] To form an idea or plan in your mind; To think of a new idea or notion

This {concept} can be seen clearly when volunteers are blind‐folded and placed in the warm water of a sensory deprivation tank.

이 개념은 자원봉사자들이 눈을 가리고 감각 결핍 탱크의 따뜻한 물에 놓일 때 명확히 볼 수 있다.

isolate

[ˈaɪsəleɪt]

[동] 격리하다

[동] separate, cut sb/sth off, set apart

[동] integrate, confuse

[동] To make someone or something alone or apart from others; To keep something separate from others
[명] A person or thing that is separated from others; An individual or group that is cut off from a larger community
[형] Being alone or separated from others; In a state of solitude or seclusion

In fact, patients are often kept awake during brain surgery, which can help a surgeon {isolate} specific regions of the brain.

사실, 환자들은 뇌 수술 중에 종종 깨어 있게 되며, 이는 외과의사가 뇌의 특정 영역을 격리하는 데 도움이 될 수 있다.

communicate

[kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt]

[동] 의사소통하다

[동] convey, contact, tell

[동] withhold from, keep secret

[동] To share or exchange information with others; To convey thoughts or feelings to someone

The writer and zoologist Desmond Morris observed that our feet {communicate} exactly what we think and feel more honestly than any other part of our bodies.

작가이자 동물학자인 데스몬드 모리스는 우리의 발이 우리가 생각하고 느끼는 것을 다른 신체 부위보다 더 솔직하게 의사소통한다고 관찰했다.

conscious

[ˈkɑːnʃəs]

[형] 의식적인

[형] aware, aware of, awake

[형] unconscious, unaware, unintentional

[형] Aware of and able to respond to one's environment; Having mental faculties that are alert and not impaired
[명] The state of being aware of and able to think about one's own existence; The awareness that comes with being awake and engaged with one's surroundings

For millions of years, long before humans spoke, our legs and feet reacted to environmental threats (e.g., hot sand, ill-tempered lions) instantaneously, without the need for {conscious} thought.

수백만 년 동안, 인간이 말을 하기 이전에, 우리의 다리와 발은 환경적인 위협(예: 뜨거운 모래, 성질이 나쁜 사자)에 즉시 반응했다.

sentiment

[ˈsentɪmənt]

[명] 감정

[명] view, feeling, point of view

[명] A view or opinion that someone expresses about something; An attitude or belief regarding a particular subject

Why are the feet and legs such accurate reflectors of our {sentiments?}

왜 발과 다리는 우리의 감정을 그렇게 정확하게 반영할까?

hardwired

[ˌhɑːrdˈwaɪərd]

[형] 하드와이어된

[형] Built into a device as permanent electronic circuits; Designed to carry out a specific function without change

In fact, these age‐old reactions are still so {hardwired} in us that when we are presented with something dangerous or even disagreeable, our feet and legs still react as they did in prehistoric times.

사실, 이러한 고대의 반응은 여전히 우리에게 그렇게 하드와이어되어 있어서 위험하거나 불쾌한 상황에 직면했을 때, 우리의 발과 다리는 여전히 선사 시대와 같은 방식으로 반응한다.

environmental

[ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl]

[형] 환경의

[형] ecological, green, eco-friendly

[형] Related to the natural world and how human actions affect it; Connected with the surroundings or conditions where one lives

For millions of years, long before humans spoke, our legs and feet reacted to {environmental} threats (e.g., hot sand, ill-tempered lions) instantaneously, without the need for conscious thought.

수백만 년 동안, 인간이 말을 하기 이전에, 우리의 다리와 발은 환경적인 위협(예: 뜨거운 모래, 성질이 나쁜 사자)에 즉시 반응했다.

kicking

[동] 차다

Our limbic brains made sure that our feet and legs reacted as needed by either ceasing motion, running away, or {kicking} at a potential threat.

우리의 변연계 뇌는 발과 다리가 필요에 따라 움직임을 멈추거나, 도망가거나, 잠재적인 위협을 차도록 반응하도록 했다.

reflector

[rɪˈflektə(r)]

[명] 반사체

[명] a piece of glass or metal for reflecting light in a required direction, e.g. a red one on the back of a motor vehicle or bicycle; an object that is used to reflect light

Why are the feet and legs such accurate {reflectors} of our sentiments?

왜 발과 다리는 우리의 감정을 그렇게 정확하게 반영할까?

threat

[θret]

[명] 위협

[명] threatening remark, danger, risk

[명] A declaration suggesting harm or danger to someone; An indication of potential harm or injury
[동] To express an intention to cause harm or injury; To make someone feel afraid or in danger

For millions of years, long before humans spoke, our legs and feet reacted to environmental {threats} (e.g., hot sand, ill-tempered lions) instantaneously, without the need for conscious thought.

수백만 년 동안, 인간이 말을 하기 이전에, 우리의 다리와 발은 환경적인 위협(예: 뜨거운 모래, 성질이 나쁜 사자)에 즉시 반응했다.

limbic

[límbik]

[형] 변연계의

[형] Relating to the limbic system, a part of the brain involved in emotions and memory; Describing functions or areas associated with the limbic structure of the brain

Our {limbic} brains made sure that our feet and legs reacted as needed by either ceasing motion, running away, or kicking at a potential threat.

우리의 변연계 뇌는 발과 다리가 필요에 따라 움직임을 멈추거나, 도망가거나, 잠재적인 위협을 차도록 반응하도록 했다.

react

[riˈækt]

[동] 반응하다

[동] behave, respond, act

[동] To act in response to something that happens; To respond to a stimulus or change in a situation

For millions of years, long before humans spoke, our legs and feet {reacted} to environmental threats (e.g., hot sand, ill-tempered lions) instantaneously, without the need for conscious thought.

수백만 년 동안, 인간이 말을 하기 이전에, 우리의 다리와 발은 환경적인 위협(예: 뜨거운 모래, 성질이 나쁜 사자)에 즉시 반응했다.

regimen

[ˈredʒɪmən]

[명] 조절법

[명] A structured plan for medical treatment or health improvement; A set routine for diet and exercise to maintain health

This survival {regimen}, retained from our ancestral heritage, has served us well and continues to do so today.

이 생존 조절법은 우리의 선조 유산에서 계승되어 오늘날까지도 우리에게 잘 도움이 되고 있다.

ancestral

[ӕnˈsestrəl]

[형] 선조의

[형] inherited, hereditary, familial

[형] Relating to family members from past generations; Of or inherited from one's ancestors

This survival regimen, retained from our {ancestral} heritage, has served us well and continues to do so today.

이 생존 조절법은 우리의 선조 유산에서 계승되어 오늘날까지도 우리에게 잘 도움이 되고 있다.

potential

[pəˈtenʃl]

[형] 잠재적인

[형] possible, likely, future
[명] possibilities, ability, prospects

[형] Capable of developing into something in the future; Having the possibility to become real
[명] The qualities or abilities that may be developed in the future; A possibility for something to happen or someone to succeed

Our limbic brains made sure that our feet and legs reacted as needed by either ceasing motion, running away, or kicking at a {potential} threat.

우리의 변연계 뇌는 발과 다리가 필요에 따라 움직임을 멈추거나, 도망가거나, 잠재적인 위협을 차도록 반응하도록 했다.

prehistoric

[ˌpriːhɪˈstɔːrɪk]

[형] 선사 시대의

[형] primitive, earliest, primeval

[형] modern

[형] Relating to the time before written records were kept; Describing something very old, especially from ancient times

In fact, these age‐old reactions are still so hardwired in us that when we are presented with something dangerous or even disagreeable, our feet and legs still react as they did in {prehistoric} times.

사실, 이러한 고대의 반응은 여전히 우리에게 그렇게 하드와이어되어 있어서 위험하거나 불쾌한 상황에 직면했을 때, 우리의 발과 다리는 여전히 선사 시대와 같은 방식으로 반응한다.

instantaneously

[부] 즉시

[부] immediately, instantly, at once

[부] Happening at the same time or without delay; Occurring immediately without waiting

For millions of years, long before humans spoke, our legs and feet reacted to environmental threats (e.g., hot sand, ill-tempered lions) {instantaneously}, without the need for conscious thought.

수백만 년 동안, 인간이 말을 하기 이전에, 우리의 다리와 발은 환경적인 위협(예: 뜨거운 모래, 성질이 나쁜 사자)에 즉시 반응했다.

accurate

[ˈækjərət]

[형] 정확한

[형] correct, precise, right

[형] inaccurate, inexact, loose

[형] Correct in every detail without mistakes; Free from errors or inaccuracies

Why are the feet and legs such {accurate} reflectors of our sentiments?

왜 발과 다리는 우리의 감정을 그렇게 정확하게 반영할까?

motion

[ˈmoʊʃn]

[명] 움직임

[명] movement, moving, locomotion
[동] gesture, gesticulate, signal

[명] The action of moving or the process of being moved; A change in position or location
[동] To direct someone with a gesture of the hand or head; To signal or indicate a desired action through movement

Our limbic brains made sure that our feet and legs reacted as needed by either ceasing {motion}, running away, or kicking at a potential threat.

우리의 변연계 뇌는 발과 다리가 필요에 따라 움직임을 멈추거나, 도망가거나, 잠재적인 위협을 차도록 반응하도록 했다.

heritage

[ˈherɪtɪdʒ]

[명] 유산

[명] inheritance, birthright, legacy

[명] Property or possessions that are passed down from previous generations; An inheritance or legacy received from ancestors
[형] Relating to cultural traditions passed down from previous generations; Associated with the history and customs of a particular group

This survival regimen, retained from our ancestral {heritage}, has served us well and continues to do so today.

이 생존 조절법은 우리의 선조 유산에서 계승되어 오늘날까지도 우리에게 잘 도움이 되고 있다.

replace

[rɪˈpleɪs]

[동] 대체하다

[동] put back, take the place of, stand in for sb/sth

[동] remove

[동] To take the place of something or someone else; To put something back in its original position
[명] A person or thing that takes the place of another; An item that is used to substitute for another item

The invention of paper, said to be one of the four great inventions of the Chinese, solved these problems, but it wasn't until the Romans {replaced} the scroll with the codex — or, as we call it now, the book — that the material reached its full potential.

종이의 발명은 중국의 네 가지 위대한 발명 중 하나로 여겨지며, 이러한 문제를 해결했지만, 로마인들이 두루마리를 고문서로 대체했을 때에야 그 재료는 그 잠재력을 최대한 발휘하게 되었다.

culture

[ˈkʌltʃə(r)]

[명] 문화

[명] the arts, society, the humanities

[명] The shared beliefs, practices, and values of a community; The art, music, and literature that reflect a society's achievements
[동] To maintain something in a suitable environment for growth; To grow a living organism in controlled conditions

The transition from an oral {culture}, in which knowledge was handed down through stories, songs, and apprenticeships, to a literate one, based on the written word, was held back for centuries by the lack of suitable writing material.

구술 문화에서 읽고 쓸 수 있는 문화로의 전환은 적합한 쓰기 재료의 부족으로 수세기 동안 지체되었다.

invention

[ɪnˈvenʃn]

[명] 발명

[명] origination, creation, machine

[명] The act of creating something new, especially a device or process; A product that has been made through creativity and innovation

The {invention} of paper, said to be one of the four great inventions of the Chinese, solved these problems.

종이의 발명은 중국의 네 가지 위대한 발명 중 하나로 여겨지며, 이러한 문제를 해결했다.

codex

[ˈkoʊdeks]

[명] 고문서

[명] an ancient manuscript text in book form; a manuscript book especially of Scripture, classics, or ancient annals

The invention of paper, said to be one of the four great inventions of the Chinese, solved these problems, but it wasn't until the Romans replaced the scroll with the {codex} — or, as we call it now, the book — that the material reached its full potential.

종이의 발명은 중국의 네 가지 위대한 발명 중 하나로 여겨지며, 이러한 문제를 해결했지만, 로마인들이 두루마리를 고문서로 대체했을 때에야 그 재료는 그 잠재력을 최대한 발휘하게 되었다.

scroll

[skroʊl]

[명] 두루마리

[명] A roll of parchment or paper used for writing; A long piece of paper that is rolled around a cylinder, often containing text or images
[동] To move text or images on a screen in a specific direction to see more content; To navigate through data on a computer screen by moving it up or down

The invention of paper, said to be one of the four great inventions of the Chinese, solved these problems, but it wasn't until the Romans replaced the {scroll} with the codex — or, as we call it now, the book — that the material reached its full potential.

종이의 발명은 중국의 네 가지 위대한 발명 중 하나로 여겨지며, 이러한 문제를 해결했지만, 로마인들이 두루마리를 고문서로 대체했을 때에야 그 재료는 그 잠재력을 최대한 발휘하게 되었다.

fracture

[ˈfræktʃə(r)]

[동] 부서지다

[명] breaking, break, breakage
[동] break, snap, crack

[명] The act of breaking something hard; A break or crack in a material
[동] To break something into pieces or cause a break; To create a crack in an object

Stone and clay tablets were used, but they were prone to {fracture} and were bulky and heavy to transport.

돌과 점토판이 사용되었지만, 그것들은 부서지기 쉬웠고 부피가 크고 운반하기 무거웠다.

suitable

[ˈsuːtəbl]

[형] 적합한

[형] acceptable, appropriate, satisfactory

[형] unsuitable, inappropriate, unseemly

[형] Appropriate for a specific person or purpose; Fit for a certain situation or need

The transition from an oral culture, in which knowledge was handed down through stories, songs, and apprenticeships, to a literate one, based on the written word, was held back for centuries by the lack of {suitable} writing material.

구술 문화에서 읽고 쓸 수 있는 문화로의 전환은 적합한 쓰기 재료의 부족으로 수세기 동안 지체되었다.

decay

[dɪˈkeɪ]

[동] 부패하다

[동] decompose, rot, break down
[명] decomposition, rot, rotting

[동] improve, grow
[명] improvement, growth

[동] To rot or break down due to natural processes; To undergo decomposition, often from bacteria or fungi
[명] The process of rotting or breaking down over time; A gradual decline in quality or health

Wood suffers from splitting and is susceptible to {decay}.

나무는 갈라지는 문제가 있으며 부패하기 쉽다.

dominant

[ˈdɑːmɪnənt]

[형] 지배적인

[형] presiding, main, ruling

[형] subservient, minor, submissive

[형] Having power over others; More important or influential than others
[명] A trait that is expressed when at least one dominant allele is present; The fifth tone in a musical scale, which creates a sense of tension

That was two thousand years ago, and it is still a {dominant} form of the written word.

그것은 2000년 전의 일이었고, 여전히 지배적인 형태의 문자다.

static

[ˈstætɪk]

[형] 정적인

[형] unchanged, stationary, fixed

[형] variable, moving, mobile

[형] Not moving or changing in any way; Remaining the same over time without any change
[명] Noise that interferes with radio or television signals; Unwanted sound or interference on communication devices

Wall paintings are {static} and space is limited.

벽화는 정적이며 공간이 제한적이다.

susceptible

[səˈseptəbl]

[형] 영향을 받기 쉬운

[형] impressionable, responsive, credulous

[형] sceptical, unresponsive, streetwise

[형] Able to be easily affected or harmed by something; Likely to be influenced by emotions or external factors

Wood suffers from splitting and is {susceptible} to decay.

나무는 갈라지는 문제가 있으며 부패하기 쉽다.

bulky

[ˈbʌlki]

[형] 부피가 큰

[형] large, big, great

[형] small, compact, manageable

[형] Taking up a lot of space; Large and hard to carry or fit in a space

Stone and clay tablets were used, but they were prone to fracture and were {bulky} and heavy to transport.

돌과 점토판이 사용되었지만, 그것들은 부서지기 쉬웠고 부피가 크고 운반하기 무거웠다.

knowledge

[ˈnɑːlɪdʒ]

[명] 지식

[명] understanding, experience, comprehension

[명] ignorance, unawareness, illiteracy

[명] Facts and skills gained through learning or experience; The state of being aware or informed about something
[형] Relating to the understanding of facts or information; Having awareness or familiarity with a subject

The transition from an oral culture, in which {knowledge} was handed down through stories, songs, and apprenticeships, to a literate one, based on the written word, was held back for centuries by the lack of suitable writing material.

구술 문화에서 읽고 쓸 수 있는 문화로의 전환은 적합한 쓰기 재료의 부족으로 수세기 동안 지체되었다.

apprenticeship

[əˈprentɪʃɪp]

[명] 수습 기간

[명] traineeship, training period, probation

[명] A system where someone learns a trade from a skilled worker; The time spent learning a particular craft under supervision

The transition from an oral culture, in which knowledge was handed down through stories, songs, and {apprenticeships,} to a literate one, based on the written word, was held back for centuries by the lack of suitable writing material.

구술 문화에서 읽고 쓸 수 있는 문화로의 전환은 적합한 쓰기 재료의 부족으로 수세기 동안 지체되었다.

guardian

[ˈɡɑːrdiən]

[명] 수호자

[명] protector, keeper, defender

[명] A person who protects or looks after someone or something; Someone who is responsible for the care of another person, especially a minor
[형] Relating to someone who protects or defends; Describing someone or something that provides security

That paper, a much softer material than either stone or wood, won out as the {guardian} of the written word is a remarkable materials story.

그 종이는 돌이나 나무보다 훨씬 부드러운 재료로서, 문자의 수호자로서 주목할 만한 이야기다.

transition

[trænˈzɪʃn]

[명] 전환

[명] change, move, passing

[명] The process of changing from one state or condition to another; A period during which a significant change takes place
[동] To go through a change from one situation to another; To move from one state or condition to another

The {transition} from an oral culture, in which knowledge was handed down through stories, songs, and apprenticeships, to a literate one, based on the written word, was held back for centuries by the lack of suitable writing material.

구술 문화에서 읽고 쓸 수 있는 문화로의 전환은 적합한 쓰기 재료의 부족으로 수세기 동안 지체되었다.

remarkable

[rɪˈmɑːrkəbl]

[형] 주목할 만한

[형] extraordinary, unique, exceptional

[형] ordinary, commonplace, run-of-the-mill

[형] Worthy of attention and notice; Unusual or surprising in a way that is worthy of remark
[명] Something that is worthy of attention or notice; An extraordinary quality or event that stands out

That paper, a much softer material than either stone or wood, won out as the guardian of the written word is a {remarkable} materials story.

그 종이는 돌이나 나무보다 훨씬 부드러운 재료로서, 문자의 수호자로서 주목할 만한 이야기다.

literate

[ˈlɪtərət]

[형] 읽고 쓸 수 있는

[형] able to read and write, educated, lettered

[형] illiterate, ignorant, badly written

[형] Able to read and write; Having knowledge or education in a specific field
[명] A person who can read and write; Someone who is educated and knowledgeable

The transition from an oral culture, in which knowledge was handed down through stories, songs, and apprenticeships, to a {literate} one, based on the written word, was held back for centuries by the lack of suitable writing material.

구술 문화에서 읽고 쓸 수 있는 문화로의 전환은 적합한 쓰기 재료의 부족으로 수세기 동안 지체되었다.

material

[məˈtɪriəl]

[명] 재료

[명] matter, substance, body
[형] physical, corporeal, worldly

[형] spiritual, abstract, aesthetic

[명] The physical substance from which something is made; The components or elements used to create something
[형] Relating to physical objects rather than the mind or spirit; Consisting of matter and having tangible qualities

The invention of paper, said to be one of the four great inventions of the Chinese, solved these problems, but it wasn't until the Romans replaced the scroll with the codex — or, as we call it now, the book — that the {material} reached its full potential.

종이의 발명은 중국의 네 가지 위대한 발명 중 하나로 여겨지며, 이러한 문제를 해결했지만, 로마인들이 두루마리를 고문서로 대체했을 때에야 그 재료는 그 잠재력을 최대한 발휘하게 되었다.

analysis

[əˈnæləsɪs]

[명] 분석

[명] dissection, study, assay

[명] synthesis

[명] A detailed examination of the elements or structure of something; The process of studying something carefully to learn about its parts and their relationships

But is our {analysis} of the situation clearly expressed in just one statement?

하지만 상황에 대한 우리의 분석이 단 한 문장으로 명확하게 표현되었는가?

assume

[əˈsuːm]

[동] 가정하다

[동] presume, suppose, think

[동] know, give up

[동] To suppose something is true without proof; To think that something is likely true without confirmation

The purpose of reasoning is to avoid {assuming} the ‘obvious' by carefully working through the connections between the various ideas in the initial statement of our reason.

사고의 목적은 우리의 이유의 초기 진술에서 다양한 아이디어 간의 연결을 신중하게 작업하여 ‘명백한' 것을 가정하지 않도록 하는 것이다.

economic

[ˌiːkəˈnɑːmɪk]

[형] 경제의

[형] financial, monetary, business

[형] unprofitable, extravagant

[형] Related to the study of how goods and services are produced, sold, and consumed; Concerning the economy and financial matters

The conclusion is about universities and free education, while the reason introduces some new ideas: {economic} benefit and a well-educated population.

결론은 대학과 무료 교육에 관한 것이고, 그 이유는 새로운 아이디어인 경제적 이익과 잘 교육받은 인구를 도입한다.

premise

[ˈpremɪs]

[명] 전제

[명] proposition, assumption, hypothesis
[동] postulate, hypothesize, conjecture

[명] A statement that forms the basis for a conclusion or argument; A building and the land it occupies
[동] To base an argument or idea on a certain assumption; To introduce a concept or idea at the beginning of a discussion

The reason must be broken down into a chain of more precise {premises.}

그 이유는 보다 정확한 전제의 연쇄로 분해되어야 한다.

conclusion

[kənˈkluːʒn]

[명] 결론

[명] end, decision, finding

[명] beginning, start

[명] The final part of a story or event; A judgment made after thinking carefully

A reason for a {conclusion} is very unlikely to consist in a single claim.

결론에 대한 이유는 단일 주장으로 구성될 가능성이 매우 낮다.

population

[ˌpɑːpjuˈleɪʃn]

[명] 인구

[명] inhabitants, residents, people

[명] All the people who live in a specific area; The total number of inhabitants in a country or region

For example, the claim that ‘university education should be free for all Australians' might be supported by the reason that ‘the economy benefits from a well‐educated Australian {population}'.

예를 들어, ‘대학 교육은 모든 호주인에게 무료여야 한다'는 주장은 ‘경제가 잘 교육받은 호주 인구로부터 이익을 얻는다'는 이유로 뒷받침될 수 있다.

interaction

[ìntərǽkʃən]

[명] 상호작용

[명] The action that occurs when two or more things affect each other; A situation where people or things communicate or engage with one another

No matter how we might state it in shorthand, it is, analytically, a complex {interaction} of many ideas and implications.

우리가 그것을 축약해서 어떻게 표현하든, 분석적으로는 많은 아이디어와 함의의 복잡한 상호작용이다.

connection

[명] 연결

[명] link, association, junction

[명] A relationship between two or more things; Something that links or joins multiple elements

The purpose of reasoning is to avoid assuming the ‘obvious' by carefully working through the {connections} between the various ideas in the initial statement of our reason.

사고의 목적은 우리의 이유의 초기 진술에서 다양한 아이디어 간의 연결을 신중하게 작업하여 ‘명백한' 것을 가정하지 않도록 하는 것이다.

reasoning

[ˈriːzənɪŋ]

[명] 사고

[명] thinking, line of thought, thought

[명] The act of thinking logically about something; The process of forming conclusions based on logical thinking
[형] Related to the process of thinking logically; Involving deduction or inference

While the link between these two ideas and the conclusion might seem obvious, the purpose of {reasoning} is to avoid assuming the ‘obvious' by carefully working through the connections between the various ideas in the initial statement of our reason.

이 두 아이디어와 결론 간의 연결이 명백해 보일 수 있지만, 사고의 목적은 우리의 이유의 초기 진술에서 다양한 아이디어 간의 연결을 신중하게 작업하여 ‘명백한' 것을 가정하지 않도록 하는 것이다.

benefit

[ˈbenɪfɪt]

[동] 이익을 주다

[명] good, advantage, sake
[동] be advantageous to, profit from, gain

[명] detriment, harm, disadvantage
[동] damage, harm

[명] An advantage gained from something; A positive outcome or effect resulting from an action
[동] To receive an advantage or profit from something; To be useful or helpful to someone

For example, the claim that ‘university education should be free for all Australians' might be supported by the reason that ‘the economy {benefits} from a well‐educated Australian population'.

예를 들어, ‘대학 교육은 모든 호주인에게 무료여야 한다'는 주장은 ‘경제가 잘 교육받은 호주 인구로부터 이익을 얻는다'는 이유로 뒷받침될 수 있다.

claim

[kleɪm]

[명] 주장

[동] assert, argue, declare
[명] assertion, allegation, declaration

[동] To state something is true without proof; To assert ownership over something
[명] A statement that something is true, even if others may disagree; An official assertion of ownership over something

A reason for a conclusion is very unlikely to consist in a single {claim}.

결론에 대한 이유는 단일 주장으로 구성될 가능성이 매우 낮다.

express

[ɪkˈspres]

[동] 표현하다

[동] communicate, state, convey
[형] explicit, rapid, clear

[형] vague, slow, implied

[동] To convey feelings or thoughts through words or actions; To communicate something clearly
[형] Stated clearly and directly, without any ambiguity; Moving quickly with few or no stops
[부] In a way that ensures quick delivery; Using a service designed for rapid transport

But is our analysis of the situation clearly {expressed} in just one statement?

하지만 상황에 대한 우리의 분석이 단 한 문장으로 명확하게 표현되었는가?

migrant

[ˈmaɪɡrənt]

[명] 이주자

[명] immigrant, wanderer, emigrant
[형] travelling, itinerant, wandering

[형] indigenous

[명] A person who moves to a new place, often for work or a better life; Someone who travels from one region to another in search of employment
[형] Relating to people or animals that move from one place to another; Describing someone who relocates to a different region or country

For example, {migrants} are assumed to overcrowd cities, clog up labor markets, and increase poverty.

예를 들어, 이주자들은 도시를 과밀하게 하고, 노동 시장을 혼잡하게 하며, 빈곤을 증가시키는 것으로 추정된다.

overcrowd

[òuvərkráud]

[동] 과밀하다

[동] To make a place too full of people or things; To fill a space beyond its safe or comfortable capacity

For example, migrants are assumed to {overcrowd} cities, clog up labor markets, and increase poverty.

예를 들어, 이주자들은 도시를 과밀하게 하고, 노동 시장을 혼잡하게 하며, 빈곤을 증가시키는 것으로 추정된다.

hardship

[ˈhɑːrdʃɪp]

[명] 고난

[명] privation, suffering, deprivation

[명] prosperity, ease

[명] A state of severe suffering or difficulty; A situation that causes significant trouble or distress

Migration is generally selective of persons who are younger, healthier, more flexible, and more willing to endure {hardship} in hopes of a better life relative to their prospects in their places of origin.

이주는 일반적으로 더 젊고, 건강하며, 더 유연하고, 출신지에서의 전망에 비해 더 나은 삶을 기대하며 고난을 견디려는 사람들을 선별한다.

create

[kriˈeɪt]

[동] 만들다

[동] generate, cause, produce

[동] dismantle, destroy

[동] To bring something into existence that did not exist before; To produce something new through imaginative or artistic effort
[형] Having been brought into existence; Formed or made by combining parts

Of course migration can and does {create} social and economic problems.

물론 이주는 사회적 및 경제적 문제를 만들 수 있으며, 실제로 그런다.

flexible

[ˈfleksəbl]

[형] 유연한

[형] pliable, versatile, supple

[형] rigid, inflexible, intransigent

[형] Capable of bending easily without breaking; Able to adapt to different situations or changes
[명] A property of being able to bend easily without breaking; The quality of being adaptable to new conditions

Migration is generally selective of persons who are younger, healthier, more {flexible}, and more willing to endure hardship in hopes of a better life relative to their prospects in their places of origin.

이주는 일반적으로 더 젊고, 건강하며, 더 유연하고, 출신지에서의 전망에 비해 더 나은 삶을 기대하며 고난을 견디려는 사람들을 선별한다.

selective

[sɪˈlektɪv]

[형] 선별적인

[형] discriminating, particular, discriminatory

[형] indiscriminate

[형] Relating to or involving careful choice; Characterized by the ability to choose the best options

Migration is generally {selective} of persons who are younger, healthier, more flexible, and more willing to endure hardship in hopes of a better life relative to their prospects in their places of origin.

이주는 일반적으로 더 젊고, 건강하며, 더 유연하고, 출신지에서의 전망에 비해 더 나은 삶을 기대하며 고난을 견디려는 사람들을 선별한다.

prospect

[ˈprɑːspekt]

[명] 전망

[명] likelihood, possibilities, hope
[동] inspect, look, survey

[명] The chance that something will happen in the future; The possibility of a future event or situation
[동] To search for valuable minerals by examining an area; To explore a region to find natural resources

Migration is generally selective of persons who are younger, healthier, more flexible, and more willing to endure hardship in hopes of a better life relative to their {prospects} in their places of origin.

이주는 일반적으로 더 젊고, 건강하며, 더 유연하고, 출신지에서의 전망에 비해 더 나은 삶을 기대하며 고난을 견디려는 사람들을 선별한다.

demand

[dɪˈmænd]

[명] 수요

[명] request, market, call
[동] call for, request, require

[동] provide

[명] A strong request for something that is expected to be given; The desire of people to acquire goods or services
[동] To ask for something in a strong or forceful way; To require something urgently or insistently

For example, out‐migration generally redistributes workers from places of labor surplus to areas where there is greater {demand} or more opportunity.

예를 들어, 유출 이주는 일반적으로 노동 잉여 지역에서 수요가 더 크거나 기회가 더 많은 지역으로 노동자를 재분배한다.

poverty

[ˈpɑːvərti]

[명] 빈곤

[명] penury, pennilessness, need

[명] wealth, abundance, fertility

[명] The condition of being very poor; A state of extreme financial hardship

For example, migrants are assumed to overcrowd cities, clog up labor markets, and increase {poverty}.

예를 들어, 이주자들은 도시를 과밀하게 하고, 노동 시장을 혼잡하게 하며, 빈곤을 증가시키는 것으로 추정된다.

endure

[ɪnˈdʊr]

[동] 견디다

[동] undergo, experience, go through

[동] fade

[동] To suffer without giving up; To continue existing despite difficulties

Migration is generally selective of persons who are younger, healthier, more flexible, and more willing to {endure} hardship in hopes of a better life relative to their prospects in their places of origin.

이주는 일반적으로 더 젊고, 건강하며, 더 유연하고, 출신지에서의 전망에 비해 더 나은 삶을 기대하며 고난을 견디려는 사람들을 선별한다.

opportunity

[ˌɑːpərˈtuːnəti]

[명] 기회

[명] chance, lucky chance, opening

[명] A time when something can happen or be done; A situation that enables someone to achieve something

The reality, however, is more complex, and many migrants are simply seeking greater economic {opportunity}.

그러나 현실은 더 복잡하며, 많은 이주자들은 단순히 더 큰 경제적 기회를 찾고 있다.

flee

[fliː]

[동] 도망가다

[동] run, run away, leave

[동] To run away from a dangerous situation; To escape quickly from a place of danger

The other questionable assumption is that most migration is involuntary—people {fleeing} natural or man‐made disasters.

다른 의문스러운 가정은 대부분의 이주가 비자발적이라는 것이다—자연재해나 인위적 재해로부터 도망가는 사람들.

migration

[maɪˈɡreɪʃn]

[명] 이주

[명] relocation, wandering, resettling

[명] The seasonal movement of animals from one region to another; The act or process of moving from one place to another

The word "{migration}" is almost always reported in the popular media and even in scientific literature as a problem or a crisis.

‘이주'라는 단어는 대중 매체와 심지어 과학 문헌에서도 문제나 위기로 거의 항상 보도된다.

redistribute

[ˌriːdɪˈstrɪbjuːt]

[동] 재분배하다

[동] To share or distribute something again in a different way; To change how something is divided among people or groups

For example, out‐migration generally {redistributes} workers from places of labor surplus to areas where there is greater demand or more opportunity.

예를 들어, 유출 이주는 일반적으로 노동 잉여 지역에서 수요가 더 크거나 기회가 더 많은 지역으로 노동자를 재분배한다.

disaster

[dɪˈzæstə(r)]

[명] 재해

[명] catastrophe, failure, calamity

[명] blessing, success

[명] A sudden event causing significant damage or loss; An unfortunate event that leads to suffering for many

The other questionable assumption is that most migration is involuntary—people fleeing natural or man‐made {disasters.}

다른 의문스러운 가정은 대부분의 이주가 비자발적이라는 것이다—자연재해나 인위적 재해로부터 도망가는 사람들.

involuntary

[ɪnˈvɑːlənteri]

[형] 비자발적인

[형] reflex, unintentional, reflexive

[형] voluntary, deliberate, optional

[형] Done without conscious choice; Not controlled by the will

The other questionable assumption is that most migration is {involuntary}—people fleeing natural or man‐made disasters.

다른 의문스러운 가정은 대부분의 이주가 비자발적이라는 것이다—자연재해나 인위적 재해로부터 도망가는 사람들.

surplus

[ˈsɜːrpləs]

[명] 잉여

[명] excess, surfeit, overabundance
[형] excess, extra, excessive

[명] dearth, shortage, lack
[형] necessary, insufficient

[명] An amount that is more than what is needed; The extra quantity remaining after requirements are met
[형] More than what is required or needed; An amount that exceeds what is necessary
[동] To handle something that is more than what is needed; To manage excess resources or items

For example, out‐migration generally redistributes workers from places of labor {surplus} to areas where there is greater demand or more opportunity.

예를 들어, 유출 이주는 일반적으로 노동 잉여 지역에서 수요가 더 크거나 기회가 더 많은 지역으로 노동자를 재분배한다.

remittance

[rɪˈmɪtns]

[명] 송금

[명] payment, settlement, fee

[명] A payment made by sending money to someone; An amount of money sent to pay for goods or services

Most research that examines long‐term outcomes of migration, including {remittances} and intergenerational mobility, finds positive "long‐term" effects on places of origin and destination.

이주에 대한 장기 결과를 조사하는 대부분의 연구는 송금과 세대 간 이동성을 포함하여 출신지와 목적지에 긍정적인 '장기' 영향을 발견한다.

convertible

[kənˈvɜːrtəbl]

[형] 전환 가능한

[형] changeable, able to be changed, interchangeable
[명] soft-top, ragtop, targa

[형] Able to be changed in form or function; Capable of being converted into something else
[명] A type of car that has a roof that can be opened or removed; A vehicle designed to change from closed to open

When paper money is {convertible} into gold whenever the individual chooses to do so, then the money is said to be "backed up" by gold.

종이 돈이 개인이 원할 때마다 금으로 전환 가능할 때, 그 돈은 금으로 "지원받는" 것으로 간주된다.

supply

[səˈplaɪ]

[명] 공급

[동] give, provide, contribute
[명] stock, store, provisions

[동] To make something available for someone to use; To provide or furnish with what is needed
[명] A quantity of something that is available and can be used; The total amount of resources provided for use
[부] In a flexible or adaptable way; With an ability to bend or move easily

This has happened again and again over the centuries, leading to inflation and the many economic and social problems that follow from {supply} from inflation.

이것은 수세기 동안 반복적으로 발생하여 인플레이션과 인플레이션에서 발생하는 많은 경제적, 사회적 문제를 초래했다.

deprive

[dipráiv]

[동] 빼앗다

[동] dispossess, strip, rob

[동] To prevent someone from having something; To take away something from someone

It is a way of {depriving} governments of the power to expand the money supply to inflationary levels.

이는 정부가 인플레이션 수준으로 돈 공급을 확장할 힘을 빼앗는 방법이다.

temptation

[tempˈteɪʃn]

[명] 유혹

[명] desire, enticement, urge

[명] The desire to engage in something typically considered wrong or unwise; A strong longing or encouragement to do something that may not be good

The big problem with money created by the government is that those who run the government always face the {temptation} to create more money and spend it.

정부가 만든 돈에 대한 큰 문제는 정부를 운영하는 사람들이 항상 더 많은 돈을 만들고 소비하고자 하는 유혹에 직면한다는 것이다.

limit

[ˈlɪmɪt]

[동] 제한하다

[명] boundary, end, restriction
[동] restrict, control, curb

[명] centre, minimum
[동] increase, allow to grow unchecked

[명] A point or level that cannot be exceeded; A boundary or edge within which something exists
[동] To set a boundary or restriction on something; To control or restrict the amount or extent of something

When in fact the real point is that the gold simply {limits} the amount of paper money that can be issued.

사실, 진정한 요점은 금이 발행될 수 있는 종이 돈의 양을 단순히 제한한다는 것이다.

misleading

[ˌmɪsˈliːdɪŋ]

[형] 오해의 소지가 있는

[형] deceptive, confusing, ambiguous

[형] straightforward

[형] Causing someone to have a wrong idea or impression; Making it seem different from the truth

This expression is {misleading} only if we imagine that the value of the gold is somehow transferred to the paper money.

이 표현은 금의 가치가 종이 돈으로 somehow 전이된다고 상상할 때만 오해의 소지가 있다.

issue

[ˈɪʃuː]

[동] 발행하다

[명] matter, topic, matter in question
[동] send out, give out, put out

[명] parent
[동] withdraw, bring about

[명] A topic or problem that is important to discuss; Something that is being talked about or thought about
[동] To distribute something for use or sale; To formally give something to someone

When in fact the real point is that the gold simply limits the amount of paper money that can be {issued}.

사실, 진정한 요점은 금이 발행될 수 있는 종이 돈의 양을 단순히 제한한다는 것이다.

expression

[ɪkˈspreʃn]

[명] 표현

[명] utterance, statement, display

[명] The act of showing thoughts or feelings; A way to communicate emotions or ideas

This {expression} is misleading only if we imagine that the value of the gold is somehow transferred to the paper money.

이 표현은 금의 가치가 종이 돈으로 somehow 전이된다고 상상할 때만 오해의 소지가 있다.

inflation

[ɪnˈfleɪʃn]

[명] 인플레이션

[명] increase, expansion, extension

[명] The process of increasing the amount of money in circulation, which typically leads to rising prices; The condition where the value of money decreases, causing prices to increase

This has happened again and again over the centuries, leading to {inflation} and the many economic and social problems that follow from inflation.

이것은 수세기 동안 반복적으로 발생하여 인플레이션과 인플레이션에서 발생하는 많은 경제적, 사회적 문제를 초래했다.

effectiveness

[명] 효과성

[명] success, power, successfulness

[명] ineffectiveness

[명] The extent to which something successfully achieves its intended outcome; The quality of being successful in producing a desired effect

The brain's emotional part working in relation with its deliberative part enhances the {effectiveness} of decision making, which counters the ideas about emotions in the decision‐making process of traditional economics.

뇌의 감정적 부분이 심사숙고하는 부분과 함께 작동하면 의사 결정의 효과성을 향상시키며, 이는 전통적 경제학의 의사 결정 과정에서 감정에 대한 생각과 상반된다.

conjunction

[kənˈdʒʌŋkʃn]

[명] 결합

[명] co-occurrence, combination, concurrence

[명] A word that connects phrases or clauses in a sentence; The joining of two or more things together

Good decisions are a product of the emotional part of the brain working in {conjunction} with the deliberative part.

좋은 결정은 감정적 뇌 부분이 심사숙고하는 부분과 결합해 작동하는 결과물이다.

emotion

[ɪˈmoʊʃn]

[명] 감정

[명] feeling, sentiment, spirit

[명] coldness, indifference, intellect

[명] A strong feeling that arises from situations or relationships; A person's intense reaction to events, often involving physical changes

The study of {emotions} and decision making is now of considerable importance.

감정과 의사 결정에 대한 연구는 이제 상당한 중요성이 있다.

product

[ˈprɑːdʌkt]

[명] 제품

[명] artefact, goods, commodity

[명] An item that is made for sale; Anything that has been created or manufactured

Good decisions are a {product} of the emotional part of the brain working in conjunction with the deliberative part.

좋은 결정은 감정적 뇌 부분이 심사숙고하는 부분과 결합해 작동하는 결과물이다.

application

[ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃn]

[명] 적용

[명] request, appeal, claim

[명] A formal request to an institution or organization; The act of applying for something, like a job or admission

This involves the {application} of various tools afforded by neuroscience.

이는 신경과학이 제공하는 다양한 도구의 적용을 포함한다.

efficacy

[ˈefɪkəsi]

[명] 효능

[명] effectiveness, efficiency, power

[명] The ability to achieve a desired outcome or result; The capability of producing a specific effect or result

One example of this research is the work of Antonio Damasio, who finds that when the emotional part of the brain is damaged, this actually reduces the {efficacy} of decision making.

이 연구의 한 예는 안토니오 다마시오의 작업으로, 그가 뇌의 감정적 부분이 손상될 때 이것이 실제로 의사 결정의 효능을 줄인다는 것을 발견한다.

decision

[dɪˈsɪʒn]

[명] 결정

[명] resolution, judgment, conclusion

[명] A conclusion reached after careful thought; A choice made after considering options
[동] To win a match based on points rather than by knockout; To achieve victory through the judges' decision

The study of emotions and {decision} making is now of considerable importance.

감정과 의사 결정에 대한 연구는 이제 상당한 중요성이 있다.

neuroscience

[ˈnʊroʊsaɪəns]

[명] 신경과학

[명] The study of the nervous system and brain; A field that explores how the brain and nerves function

This involves the application of various tools afforded by {neuroscience}.

이는 신경과학이 제공하는 다양한 도구의 적용을 포함한다.

cognitive

[ˈkɑːɡnətɪv]

[형] 인지의

[형] Related to how we think and understand things; Involving mental processes like thinking, knowing, and remembering

One important stream of the literature examines people with brain damage and how damage to particular parts of the brain known to be responsible for particular {cognitive} functions impacts on decision making.

문헌의 한 중요한 흐름은 뇌 손상을 입은 사람들과 특정 인지 기능에 책임이 있는 뇌의 특정 부분에 대한 손상이 의사 결정에 미치는 영향을 조사한다.

impact

[명] [ˈɪmpækt], [동] [ɪmˈpækt]

[동] 영향을 미치다

[명] collision, effect, force
[동] crash into, hit, smash into

[명] The action of one object hitting another forcefully; A strong effect or influence something has on another
[동] To come into forceful contact with another surface; To have a significant and usually negative effect on something

One important stream of the literature examines people with brain damage and how damage to particular parts of the brain known to be responsible for particular cognitive functions {impacts} on decision making.

문헌의 한 중요한 흐름은 뇌 손상을 입은 사람들과 특정 인지 기능에 책임이 있는 뇌의 특정 부분에 대한 손상이 의사 결정에 미치는 영향을 조사한다.

evidence

[ˈevɪdəns]

[명] 증거

[명] proof, confirmation, grounds
[동] indicate, show, prove

[동] disprove

[명] Information or facts that show whether something is true or valid; A clear sign that indicates something
[동] To show or provide proof of something; To indicate or suggest the truth of a situation

But the {evidence} suggests that emotions actually play an important and, often, a positive role in decision making.

하지만 증거는 감정이 실제로 의사 결정에서 중요하고 종종 긍정적인 역할을 한다고 제안한다.

damage

[ˈdæmɪdʒ]

[명] 손상

[명] harm, destruction, compensation
[동] harm, spoil, hurt

[명] improvement
[동] repair, fix, improve

[명] Physical harm that reduces the value or function of something; Injury or harm caused to a person or object
[동] To cause physical harm to something; To impair the function or quality of something

One important stream of the literature examines people with brain {damage} and how damage to particular parts of the brain known to be responsible for particular cognitive functions impacts on decision making.

문헌의 한 중요한 흐름은 뇌 손상을 입은 사람들과 특정 인지 기능에 책임이 있는 뇌의 특정 부분에 대한 손상이 의사 결정에 미치는 영향을 조사한다.

contradict

[ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪkt]

[동] 모순되다

[동] deny, dispute, refute

[동] confirm, verify, agree with

[동] To deny the truth of something by stating the opposite; To assert the opposite of what someone else has said

This {contradicts} the assumptions of conventional economics, where emotions play a negative role in the decision‐making process.

이는 감정이 의사 결정 과정에서 부정적인 역할을 한다는 기존 경제학의 가정과 모순된다.

balance

[ˈbæləns]

[명] 균형

[명] stability, equilibrium, steadiness
[동] steady, stabilize, level

[명] instability, nervousness, imbalance
[동] overbalance

[명] A state of equal distribution of weight that keeps something steady; The ability to maintain stability when standing or moving
[동] To keep something steady and prevent it from falling; To ensure that two sides are equal in weight or amount

Before she could reach the bag, the elderly woman suddenly lost her {balance} and fell down.

그녀가 가방에 손을 뻗기 전에 노인은 갑자기 균형을 잃고 넘어졌다.

strength

[streŋθ]

[명] 힘

[명] power, might, resilience

[명] weakness, puniness, frailty

[명] The quality of being strong physically or mentally; The power or capacity to do something effectively

The woman groaned softly, trying to gather her {strength}.

여인은 힘을 모으려 애쓰며 부드럽게 신음했다.

gaze

[ɡeɪz]

[명] 응시

[동] stare, look fixedly, look
[명] stare, fixed look, look

[동] To look steadily and intently at something; To fix your eyes on someone or something with great attention
[명] A steady and focused look directed at something; A long, continuous look often showing interest or admiration

Linda nodded gently in response, then turned her {gaze} back to the peaceful countryside scene.

린다는 부드럽게 고개를 끄덕이고, 다시 평화로운 시골 풍경을 응시했다.

excited

[ɪkˈsaɪtɪd]

[형] 흥분한

[형] thrilled, ecstatic, exhilarated

[형] indifferent, depressed, turned off

[형] Feeling very enthusiastic and eager; Showing a heightened level of energy and enthusiasm

Linda was {excited} to finally visit her grandparents after two years.

린다는 2년 만에 할머니와 할아버지를 방문하게 되어 흥분했다.

hesitate

[ˈhezɪteɪt]

[동] 주저하다

[동] pause, waver, shy away from sth

[동] be resolute, be decisive, be certain

[동] To pause before making a decision; To feel uncertain or unsure about what to do

Linda {hesitated}, unsure if the elderly woman would want her help.

린다는 노인이 자신의 도움을 원할지 주저했다.

countryside

[ˈkʌntrisaɪd]

[명] 시골, 전원

[명] landscape, country, scenery

[명] The area of land that is mostly rural and not urban; Land that is located away from large cities and towns

As the train pulled into a quiet {countryside} station, the gentle chatter of passengers filled the air.

기차가 조용한 시골 역에 도착하자 승객들의 부드러운 수다가 공기를 가득 채웠다.

dizzy

[ˈdɪzi]

[형] 어지러운

[형] giddy, faint, light-headed

[형] clear-headed, sensible, intelligent

[형] Feeling as if you are spinning or about to lose your balance; Having a sensation that makes you feel lightheaded or unsteady
[동] To make someone feel unsteady and unable to balance; To cause a sensation of spinning or feeling faint

"I have low blood pressure, and the sudden movement of the train must have made me feel {dizzy}."

"저는 저혈압이 있어서 기차의 갑작스러운 움직임 때문에 어지러운 것 같아요."

assist

[əˈsɪst]

[동] 돕다

[동] help, aid, back

[동] hinder, impede

[동] To help someone by doing part of the work; To provide support or assistance to someone
[명] An act of helping someone achieve something; A moment when a player helps another score in a game

But soon, she chose to {assist} the woman.

하지만 곧 그녀는 그 여인을 돕기로 결정했다.

urgency

[ɜ:rdƷənsi]

[명] 긴급함

[명] importance, top priority, need

[명] The need for immediate action or attention; A condition that demands swift response

Linda froze for a moment, feeling the {urgency} of the situation.

린다는 순간 얼어붙고, 상황의 긴급함을 느꼈다.