inconvenience

[ˌɪnkənˈviːniəns]

[명] 불편

[명] trouble, bother, difficulty
[동] trouble, bother, put out

[명] help, convenience
[동] help

[명] The state of being uncomfortable or difficult; A situation that causes trouble or discomfort
[동] To make someone experience trouble or discomfort; To create difficulties for someone

I pen this letter with the hope that the relevant authorities will intervene in regard to an unresolved {inconvenience}.

저는 관련 당국이 해결되지 않은 불편 사항에 개입하기를 바라는 마음으로 이 편지를 씁니다.

creation

[kriˈeɪʃn]

[명] 창조

[명] design, universe, formation

[명] destruction, removal

[명] The act of bringing something into existence; Something that is made or produced that did not exist before

To whom it may concern, The {creation} of an additional new road to address the traffic on worn-out Mahogany Road was quite pleasant news for our community.

관계자 여러분, 낡은 마호가니 도로의 교통 문제를 다루기 위해 추가적인 새로운 도로의 창조는 우리 공동체에 매우 기쁜 소식이었다.

toll

[toʊl]

[명] 통행료

[동] ring, chime, sound
[명] charge, ringing, fee

[동] To charge a fee for using a road or bridge; To make a loud sound, often with a bell, to signal something
[명] A fee required to use a specific road or bridge; The amount of money paid for a long-distance telephone call

I fully agree that the {toll} on Mahogany Road needed to be high in past years, because the road was a single one with lots of traffic and its miserable state required frequent maintenance.

저는 마호가니 도로의 통행료가 과거 몇 년 동안 높아야 했다는 데 전적으로 동의합니다.

worn-out

[형] 낡은

[형] shabby, worn, well worn

[형] new, refreshed, smart

To whom it may concern, The creation of an additional new road to address the traffic on {worn-out} Mahogany Road was quite pleasant news for our community.

관계자 여러분, 낡은 마호가니 도로의 교통 문제를 다루기 위해 추가적인 새로운 도로의 창조는 우리 공동체에 매우 기쁜 소식이었다.

maintenance

[ˈmeɪntənəns]

[명] 유지보수

[명] preservation, upkeep, conservation

[명] breakdown, neglect

[명] The process of keeping something in good condition; Actions taken to preserve and care for equipment or property
[형] Related to the act of keeping something in good condition; Pertaining to actions taken to preserve functionality or quality

I fully agree that the toll on Mahogany Road needed to be high in past years, because the road was a single one with lots of traffic and its miserable state required frequent {maintenance}.

저는 마호가니 도로의 통행료가 과거 몇 년 동안 높아야 했다는 데 전적으로 동의합니다.

additional

[əˈdɪʃənl]

[형] 추가적인

[형] extra, added, more

[형] Related to something that is extra or supplementary; Referring to something that is more than what is usual
[명] Something that is added to something else; An element that serves as an extra part

To whom it may concern, The creation of an {additional} new road to address the traffic on worn-out Mahogany Road was quite pleasant news for our community.

관계자 여러분, 낡은 마호가니 도로의 교통 문제를 다루기 위해 추가적인 새로운 도로의 창조는 우리 공동체에 매우 기쁜 소식이었다.

intervene

[ˌɪntərˈviːn]

[동] 개입하다

[동] occur, step in, mediate

[동] To participate in an event to change its outcome; To come in between to influence an action or situation

I pen this letter with the hope that the relevant authorities will {intervene} in regard to an unresolved inconvenience.

저는 관련 당국이 해결되지 않은 불편 사항에 개입하기를 바라는 마음으로 이 편지를 씁니다.

traffic

[ˈtræfɪk]

[명] 교통

[명] vehicles, transport, congestion
[동] trade, deal, market

[명] The movement of vehicles on a road or highway; The total number of vehicles or people moving in a specific area
[동] To engage in the illegal buying or selling of goods; To trade or exchange goods or services unlawfully
[형] Relating to the movement of vehicles and people; Describing a situation where there are many cars on the roads

To whom it may concern, The creation of an additional new road to address the {traffic} on worn-out Mahogany Road was quite pleasant news for our community.

관계자 여러분, 낡은 마호가니 도로의 교통 문제를 다루기 위해 추가적인 새로운 도로의 창조는 우리 공동체에 매우 기쁜 소식이었다.

address

[명] [ˈædres], [동] [əˈdres]

[동] 다루다

[명] inscription, direction, label
[동] label, give a speech to, direct

[명] The details of a location where someone lives or where an organization is based; Written details indicating where letters and packages should be sent
[동] To write the name and location of someone or something; To speak to a group or individual formally

To whom it may concern, The creation of an additional new road to {address} the traffic on worn-out Mahogany Road was quite pleasant news for our community.

관계자 여러분, 낡은 마호가니 도로의 교통 문제를 다루기 위해 추가적인 새로운 도로의 창조는 우리 공동체에 매우 기쁜 소식이었다.

pleasant

[ˈpleznt]

[형] 기쁜

[형] enjoyable, pleasing, nice

[형] unpleasant, horrible, disagreeable

[형] Causing happiness or enjoyment; Giving a feeling of satisfaction

To whom it may concern, The creation of an additional new road to address the traffic on worn-out Mahogany Road was quite {pleasant} news for our community.

관계자 여러분, 낡은 마호가니 도로의 교통 문제를 다루기 위해 추가적인 새로운 도로의 창조는 우리 공동체에 매우 기쁜 소식이었다.

fulfill

[fulfíl]

[동] 이행하다

[동] To carry out or complete a task or duty; To satisfy a requirement or expectation

I hope the new road can {fulfill} our needs well as planned.

저는 새로운 도로가 계획대로 우리의 필요를 잘 이행할 수 있기를 바랍니다.

unresolved

[ˌʌnrɪˈzɑːlvd]

[형] 해결되지 않은

[형] undecided, to be decided, unsettled

[형] resolved, decided

[형] Not settled or solved; Still needing an answer or conclusion

I pen this letter with the hope that the relevant authorities will intervene in regard to an {unresolved} inconvenience.

저는 관련 당국이 해결되지 않은 불편 사항에 개입하기를 바라는 마음으로 이 편지를 씁니다.

suggest

[səɡˈdʒest]

[동] 제안하다

[동] propose, recommend, imply

[동] To offer an idea for consideration or discussion; To indicate indirectly or imply something

For better distribution of traffic, I {suggest} there be a proper adjustment in price on Mahogany Road.

더 나은 교통 분배를 위해 마호가니 도로의 요금에 적절한 조정이 필요하다고 제안합니다.

adjustment

[əˈdʒʌstmənt]

[명] 조정

[명] adaptation, alteration, adapting

[명] A small change made to improve a situation or result; The process of becoming accustomed to a new environment

For better distribution of traffic, I suggest there be a proper {adjustment} in price on Mahogany Road.

더 나은 교통 분배를 위해 마호가니 도로의 요금에 적절한 조정이 필요하다고 제안합니다.

distribution

[ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn]

[명] 분배

[명] giving out, delivery, dealing out

[명] collection

[명] The act of sharing or spreading something among multiple recipients; The process of delivering goods to various locations or people

For better {distribution} of traffic, I suggest there be a proper adjustment in price on Mahogany Road.

더 나은 교통 분배를 위해 마호가니 도로의 요금에 적절한 조정이 필요하다고 제안합니다.

miserable

[ˈmɪzrəbl]

[형] 비참한

[형] unhappy, sad, down

[형] happy, contented, respectable

[형] Feeling very unhappy or uncomfortable; In a state of great sadness or distress
[명] A person who is very unhappy or in a lot of pain; Someone who lives in difficult or poor conditions

I fully agree that the toll on Mahogany Road needed to be high in past years, because the road was a single one with lots of traffic and its {miserable} state required frequent maintenance.

저는 마호가니 도로의 통행료가 과거 몇 년 동안 높아야 했다는 데 전적으로 동의합니다.

silent

[ˈsaɪlənt]

[형] 조용한

[형] completely quiet, mute, speechless

[형] audible, noisy, loud

[형] Not making any sound; Quiet and without noise
[명] A film that has no spoken dialogue; A period during which there is no sound

The room is {silent}, but I keep going, word by word.

방은 조용하지만, 나는 한 단어씩 계속 나아간다.

mistake

[mɪˈsteɪk]

[명] 실수

[명] error, fault, blunder
[동] misunderstand, misinterpret, get wrong

[명] An action or decision that is incorrect or misguided; A misunderstanding or wrong judgment
[동] To be incorrect about something; To misunderstand or interpret something wrongly

Finally, I approach the last line and deliver it without a single {mistake}.

마침내, 나는 마지막 줄에 가까워지고 단 한 번의 실수도 없이 그것을 전달한다.

fail

[feɪl]

[동] 실패하다

[동] be unsuccessful, forget, not succeed

[동] succeed, pass, support

[동] To not succeed in achieving a desired outcome; To stop working or functioning properly
[명] A result that is not good enough to pass or succeed in an exam; An instance when someone does not achieve the desired outcome

It's done, and I didn't {fail}.

끝났고, 나는 실패하지 않았다.

deliver

[dɪˈlɪvə(r)]

[동] 전달하다

[동] bring, take, carry

[동] collect

[동] To bring and hand over something to someone; To take an item to a specific location or person
[형] Quick and efficient in providing or bringing something; Able to make a promise or provide a service successfully

Finally, I approach the last line and {deliver} it without a single mistake.

마침내, 나는 마지막 줄에 가까워지고 단 한 번의 실수도 없이 그것을 전달한다.

hesitate

[ˈhezɪteɪt]

[동] 주저하다

[동] pause, waver, shy away from sth

[동] be resolute, be decisive, be certain

[동] To pause before making a decision; To feel uncertain or unsure about what to do

Don't {hesitate}.

주저하지 마세요.

misstep

[ˌmɪsˈstep]

[명] 실수

[명] A wrong or clumsy step in action; An error in judgment or decision-making
[동] To step in a wrong way or position; To make a wrong move or error

My voice shakes, and I focus on each word, afraid that one {misstep} will ruin everything.

내 목소리가 떨리고, 나는 각 단어에 집중하며 하나의 실수가 모든 것을 망칠까 두려워한다.

practice

[ˈpræktɪs]

[명] 연습

[명] application, custom, exercise

[명] The act of doing something repeatedly to improve a skill; A regular activity or routine in which something is practiced
[동] To do something repeatedly to improve skills; To perform an activity regularly as part of a routine

I begin, diving straight into the story as I have {practiced.}

나는 연습한 대로 이야기에 곧장 뛰어든다.

spotlight

[ˈspɑːtlaɪt]

[명] 스포트라이트

[명] the public eye, search light, the glare of publicity
[동] focus attention on, highlight, feature

[동] play down

[명] A device that projects a focused beam of light onto a specific area; A strong light used to highlight performers or important objects
[동] To illuminate someone or something using a spotlight; To direct attention toward a particular subject or individual

The {spotlight} blinds me, and my mind cries out.

스포트라이트가 나를 눈멀게 하고, 내 마음은 외친다.

ignore

[ɪɡˈnɔː(r)]

[동] 무시하다

[동] disregard, pay no attention to, take no notice of

[동] pay attention to, acknowledge, obey

[동] To refuse to notice or acknowledge something; To intentionally not pay attention to something or someone
[명] The act of disregarding something or someone; A refusal to acknowledge or pay attention to

I adjust the microphone, trying to {ignore} the fact that hundreds of people are watching me.

나는 마이크를 조정하며 수백 명의 사람들이 나를 지켜보고 있다는 사실을 무시하려고 한다.

ruin

[ˈruːɪn]

[동] 망치다

[명] disintegration, bankruptcy, decay
[동] wreck, destroy, spoil

[명] reconstruction, preservation, triumph
[동] restore, create, save

[명] The state of destruction or decay of a structure; Physical remains of something that has fallen apart
[동] To damage something so badly that it cannot be used; To cause the complete destruction of something

My voice shakes, and I focus on each word, afraid that one misstep will {ruin} everything.

내 목소리가 떨리고, 나는 각 단어에 집중하며 하나의 실수가 모든 것을 망칠까 두려워한다.

voice

[vɔɪs]

[명] 목소리

[명] power of speech, accent, powers of articulation
[동] express, give expression to, vocalize

[명] The sound produced by a person when they speak or sing; The ability to express thoughts and feelings through speech
[동] To express something using words; To give spoken expression to an idea
[형] Related to the sound produced by humans when speaking or singing; Pertaining to the ability to express thoughts or emotions vocally

My {voice} shakes, and I focus on each word, afraid that one misstep will ruin everything.

내 목소리가 떨리고, 나는 각 단어에 집중하며 하나의 실수가 모든 것을 망칠까 두려워한다.

welcome

[ˈwelkəm]

[동] 환영하다

[명] greeting, salutation, welcoming
[형] gladly received, pleasing, wanted

[명] farewell, rejection, rebuff
[형] unwelcome, unpleasant, unwanted

[명] A way of greeting someone when they arrive; The act of showing happiness when someone comes
[형] Gladly received or accepted; Pleasant and appreciated upon arrival
[감탄] A friendly greeting to someone when they arrive; A polite way to acknowledge someone's arrival

Please {welcome} to the stage, Stacy Pan!

스테이지에 스테이시 판을 환영해 주세요!

breathe

[briːð]

[동] 숨쉬다

[동] inhale and exhale, respire, pant

[동] To take in air through the nose or mouth and expel it from the lungs as part of living; To inhale and exhale to provide oxygen to the body

I {breathe} out, all my tension melting away.

나는 숨을 내쉬고 모든 긴장이 사라진다.

microphone

[명] 마이크

[명] A device that converts sound into electrical signals for amplification or recording; An instrument used to capture sound waves and turn them into an electric current

I adjust the {microphone}, trying to ignore the fact that hundreds of people are watching me.

나는 마이크를 조정하며 수백 명의 사람들이 나를 지켜보고 있다는 사실을 무시하려고 한다.

stillness

[ˈstɪlnəs]

[명] 고요함

[명] The state of being quiet and not moving; Absence of noise or activity around you

It's not joy I feel - just {stillness} and peace.

내가 느끼는 것은 기쁨이 아니라, 고요함과 평화이다.

light

[laɪt]

[형] 가벼운

[명] illumination, brightness, lighting
[형] easy to lift, bright, insubstantial
[동] set alight, illuminate, set fire to sth|||set sth on fire

[명] darkness, dark, mystery
[형] heavy, dark, gloomy
[동] extinguish, darken, put out

[명] A natural source that allows us to see by illuminating our surroundings; A form of energy that enables visibility
[형] Having a small weight or mass; Not dark in color or shade
[동] To ignite or start a fire; To provide illumination to a dark area

My chest feels {lighter} as I step off the stage.

내 가슴은 무대에서 내려오면서 더 가벼워진다.

joy

[dʒɔɪ]

[명] 기쁨

[명] delight, great pleasure, pleasure

[명] misery, sorrow, despair

[명] A feeling of great happiness and pleasure; The emotion that comes from good fortune or success
[동] To feel or show happiness and delight; To experience intense pleasure or joy

It's not {joy} I feel - just stillness and peace.

내가 느끼는 것은 기쁨이 아니라, 고요함과 평화이다.

tension

[ˈtenʃn]

[명] 긴장

[명] tightness, strain, aggression

[명] slackness, calmness, looseness

[명] The condition of being stretched tight or under strain; A feeling of nervousness or anxiety that can occur in stressful situations
[동] To apply a force that stretches something; To cause a state of strain in an object

I breathe out, all my {tension} melting away.

나는 숨을 내쉬고 모든 긴장이 사라진다.

peace

[piːs]

[명] 평화

[명] tranquillity, truce, order

[명] noise, war, irritation

[명] A state of tranquility without disturbance; Absence of war or fighting between groups or nations
[동] To remain quiet or calm; To become silent or still
[감탄] A friendly way to greet someone; An expression used to ask for silence

It's not joy I feel - just stillness and {peace}.

내가 느끼는 것은 기쁨이 아니라, 고요함과 평화이다.

tremble

[ˈtrembl]

[동] 떨다

[동] shake, shake like a leaf, shiver
[명] tremor, shake, shiver

[명] steadiness

[동] To shake involuntarily due to fear or anxiety; To quiver or vibrate because of excitement or nervousness
[명] A feeling of shaking or quivering; An instance of shaking due to fear or cold

My legs {tremble} as I step onto the stage to narrate a story I wrote.

내 다리는 내가 쓴 이야기를 내레이션하기 위해 무대에 올라설 때 떨린다.

problem

[ˈprɑːbləm]

[명] 문제

[명] difficulty, issue, trouble
[형] troublesome, difficult, unmanageable
difficult, disturbed, troublesome

[형] well behaved, manageable

[명] A situation that is difficult to handle or solve; A matter that causes concern or worry
[형] Describing someone whose behavior causes issues for themselves or others; Relating to difficulties in social relationships or behavior

AI technology is powerful, and it is transformative, but the AI hype of recent years has contributed to a god complex that positions technology leaders as voices of authority on the societal {problems} their creations have often caused.

AI 기술은 강력하고 변화를 일으키지만, 최근 몇 년간의 AI 과대선전은 기술 리더들을 사회적 문제에 대한 권위자로 자리 잡게 하는 신의 복합체에 기여했다.

decision - making

[명] 의사결정

In fact, those already living at the frontline of AI-enabled worker surveillance, or trapped in a nightmare of AI {decision-making}, are far better qualified for that.

사실, AI 기반 노동자 감시에 이미 참여하고 있거나 AI 의사결정의 악몽에 갇힌 사람들은 그에 대해 훨씬 더 자격이 있다.

qualified

[ˈkwɑːlɪfaɪd]

[형] 자격이 있는

[형] certified, capable, certificated

[형] untrained, unconditional

[형] Recognized as having the necessary training for a specific job; Possessing the skills and experience needed for a task
[명] A person who meets the necessary requirements for a specific role or task; An individual who has the appropriate skills or training for a particular job
[부] In a way that meets the necessary requirements; With conditions that must be fulfilled

In fact, those already living at the frontline of AI-enabled worker surveillance, or trapped in a nightmare of AI decision-making, are far better {qualified} for that.

사실, AI 기반 노동자 감시에 이미 참여하고 있거나 AI 의사결정의 악몽에 갇힌 사람들은 그에 대해 훨씬 더 자격이 있다.

transformative

[trænsfɔ́:rmətiv]

[형] 변화를 일으키는

[형] Causing a significant change in someone or something; Able to bring about a transformation

AI technology is powerful, and it is {transformative}, but the AI hype of recent years has contributed to a god complex that positions technology leaders as voices of authority on the societal problems their creations have often caused.

AI 기술은 강력하고 변화를 일으키지만, 최근 몇 년간의 AI 과대선전은 기술 리더들을 사회적 문제에 대한 권위자로 자리 잡게 하는 신의 복합체에 기여했다.

technology

[tekˈnɑːlədʒi]

[명] 기술

[명] hardware, machinery, plant

[명] The use of scientific knowledge for practical applications in various fields; A system of tools, machines, and methods used in a particular area

AI {technology} is powerful, and it is transformative, but the AI hype of recent years has contributed to a god complex that positions technology leaders as voices of authority on the societal problems their creations have often caused.

AI 기술은 강력하고 변화를 일으키지만, 최근 몇 년간의 AI 과대선전은 기술 리더들을 사회적 문제에 대한 권위자로 자리 잡게 하는 신의 복합체에 기여했다.

surveillance

[sɜːrˈveɪləns]

[명] 감시

[명] observation, scrutiny, watch

[명] The act of closely watching someone, especially if they are suspected of wrongdoing; Continuous observation aimed to detect or prevent criminal activities

In fact, those already living at the frontline of AI-enabled worker {surveillance}, or trapped in a nightmare of AI decision-making, are far better qualified for that.

사실, AI 기반 노동자 감시에 이미 참여하고 있거나 AI 의사결정의 악몽에 갇힌 사람들은 그에 대해 훨씬 더 자격이 있다.

nightmare

[ˈnaɪtmer]

[명] 악몽

[명] bad dream, ordeal, night terrors

[명] A frightening or unpleasant dream that causes fear during sleep; An experience in sleep that can cause extreme anxiety and terror
[형] Related to or resembling a nightmare; Causing fear or distress, similar to a bad dream

In fact, those already living at the frontline of AI-enabled worker surveillance, or trapped in a {nightmare} of AI decision-making, are far better qualified for that.

사실, AI 기반 노동자 감시에 이미 참여하고 있거나 AI 의사결정의 악몽에 갇힌 사람들은 그에 대해 훨씬 더 자격이 있다.

automatically

[ˌɔːtəˈmætɪkli]

[부] 자동적으로

[부] In a way that happens without needing human effort; Without conscious thought or control

Neither do distinguished computer scientists, no matter how gifted in their field, {automatically} understand the complex systems of power, money, and politics that will govern the use of their products in the future.

저명한 컴퓨터 과학자들조차 자신의 분야에서 얼마나 재능이 뛰어나더라도 자동적으로 미래에 그들의 제품 사용을 지배할 권력, 돈, 정치의 복잡한 시스템을 이해하지 못한다.

understand

[ˌʌndərˈstænd]

[동] 이해하다

[동] comprehend, see, apprehend

[동] misunderstand, misinterpret, ignore

[동] To grasp the meaning or significance of something; To perceive how something works or is intended

Neither do distinguished computer scientists, no matter how gifted in their field, automatically {understand} the complex systems of power, money, and politics that will govern the use of their products in the future.

저명한 컴퓨터 과학자들조차 자신의 분야에서 얼마나 재능이 뛰어나더라도 자동적으로 미래에 그들의 제품 사용을 지배할 권력, 돈, 정치의 복잡한 시스템을 이해하지 못한다.

product

[ˈprɑːdʌkt]

[명] 제품

[명] artefact, goods, commodity

[명] An item that is made for sale; Anything that has been created or manufactured

Neither do distinguished computer scientists, no matter how gifted in their field, automatically understand the complex systems of power, money, and politics that will govern the use of their {products} in the future.

저명한 컴퓨터 과학자들조차 자신의 분야에서 얼마나 재능이 뛰어나더라도 자동적으로 미래에 그들의 제품 사용을 지배할 권력, 돈, 정치의 복잡한 시스템을 이해하지 못한다.

distinguished

[dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt]

[형] 저명한

[형] eminent, famous, great

[형] unknown, obscure

[형] Having a notable level of success and earning respect; Recognized by many for significant achievements

Neither do {distinguished} computer scientists, no matter how gifted in their field, automatically understand the complex systems of power, money, and politics that will govern the use of their products in the future.

저명한 컴퓨터 과학자들조차 자신의 분야에서 얼마나 재능이 뛰어나더라도 자동적으로 미래에 그들의 제품 사용을 지배할 권력, 돈, 정치의 복잡한 시스템을 이해하지 못한다.

inclusive

[ɪnˈkluːsɪv]

[형] 포괄적인

[형] all-in, comprehensive, all-inclusive

[형] exclusive, limited, excluding

[형] Including all services or items that are typically expected; Covering a wide range or scope

Instead of continually turning to the architects of AI for predictions of the future and solutions to its ills, the introduction of AI into society requires a broader and more {inclusive} approach.

AI를 사회에 도입하는 것은 미래에 대한 예측과 문제 해결을 위해 AI의 설계자들에게 계속 의존하기보다는 더 넓고 포괄적인 접근이 필요하다.

hype

[haɪp]

[명] 과대선전

[명] publicity, advertising, promotion
[동] publicize, advertise, promote

[동] play down

[명] Publicity that is often exaggerated to attract attention; Promotion intended to create excitement or interest
[동] To stimulate excitement or interest in something; To promote something heavily, often with exaggeration
[형] Something that is very exciting or impressive; Used to describe something that is popular and attracts a lot of attention

AI technology is powerful, and it is transformative, but the AI {hype} of recent years has contributed to a god complex that positions technology leaders as voices of authority on the societal problems their creations have often caused.

AI 기술은 강력하고 변화를 일으키지만, 최근 몇 년간의 AI 과대선전은 기술 리더들을 사회적 문제에 대한 권위자로 자리 잡게 하는 신의 복합체에 기여했다.

societal

[səˈsaɪətl]

[형] 사회의

[형] Relating to the structure or organization of society; Connected with the relationships and interactions among people in a community

AI technology is powerful, and it is transformative, but the AI hype of recent years has contributed to a god complex that positions technology leaders as voices of authority on the {societal} problems their creations have often caused.

AI 기술은 강력하고 변화를 일으키지만, 최근 몇 년간의 AI 과대선전은 기술 리더들을 사회적 문제에 대한 권위자로 자리 잡게 하는 신의 복합체에 기여했다.

involved

[ɪnˈvɑːlvd]

[형] 관련된

[형] associated with, complicated, connected with

[형] unconnected, straightforward, simple

[형] Difficult to understand due to complexity; Having a role or part in a situation or activity

So it is critically important for the future of AI that a much wider group of people become {involved} in shaping its future.

그래서 AI의 미래를 위해 훨씬 더 넓은 사람들의 그룹이 그 미래를 형성하는 데 관련되는 것이 매우 중요하다.

govern

[ˈɡʌvərn]

[동] 지배하다

[동] rule, preside over, lead

[동] To control the actions and policies of a state or organization; To exercise authority and management over something

Neither do distinguished computer scientists, no matter how gifted in their field, automatically understand the complex systems of power, money, and politics that will {govern} the use of their products in the future.

저명한 컴퓨터 과학자들조차 자신의 분야에서 얼마나 재능이 뛰어나더라도 자동적으로 미래에 그들의 제품 사용을 지배할 권력, 돈, 정치의 복잡한 시스템을 이해하지 못한다.

judge

[dʒʌdʒ]

[동] 판단되다

[명] justice, magistrate, the bench
[동] form the opinion, assess, come to the conclusion

[명] A person appointed to make legal decisions in a court; Someone who presides over trials and makes judgments
[동] To form an opinion about something after considering the facts; To evaluate or assess the quality of something

But those who are profiting from AI hype are not experts on how that work should be {judged}.

하지만 AI 과대선전으로 이익을 얻고 있는 사람들은 그 작업이 어떻게 판단되어야 하는지에 대한 전문가가 아니다.

expert

[ˈekspɜːrt]

[명] 전문가

[명] specialist, authority, pundit
[형] skilful, skilled, trained

[명] inexpert, amateur
[형] inexpert, unskilled, incompetent

[명] A person who has great knowledge in a certain field; Someone skilled in a particular subject or activity
[형] Having a lot of knowledge or skill in a specific field; Showing special knowledge or skill due to training or experience
[동] To act as an authority in a specific field; To provide specialized knowledge or skills

But those who are profiting from AI hype are not {experts} on how that work should be judged.

하지만 AI 과대선전으로 이익을 얻고 있는 사람들은 그 작업이 어떻게 판단되어야 하는지에 대한 전문가가 아니다.

authority

[əˈθɔːrəti]

[명] 권위

[명] power, powers that be, jurisdiction

[명] The power to enforce rules and make decisions; A person or group that has the power to control or direct others

AI technology is powerful, and it is transformative, but the AI hype of recent years has contributed to a god complex that positions technology leaders as voices of {authority} on the societal problems their creations have often caused.

AI 기술은 강력하고 변화를 일으키지만, 최근 몇 년간의 AI 과대선전은 기술 리더들을 사회적 문제에 대한 권위자로 자리 잡게 하는 신의 복합체에 기여했다.

profit

[ˈprɑːfɪt]

[동] 이익을 얻다

[명] financial gain, earnings, interest
[동] benefit, make money, be beneficial to

[명] loss, disadvantage

[명] A financial gain after expenses are deducted; Money earned from business activities after all costs are paid
[동] To gain a financial benefit from an activity; To receive an advantage or gain from something

But those who are {profiting} from AI hype are not experts on how that work should be judged.

하지만 AI 과대선전으로 이익을 얻고 있는 사람들은 그 작업이 어떻게 판단되어야 하는지에 대한 전문가가 아니다.

formation

[fɔːrˈmeɪʃn]

[명] 형성

[명] emergence, establishment, coming into being

[명] destruction, disappearance, dissolution

[명] The action or process of creating or forming something; A specific arrangement or structure of people or things

The early Earth collided with numerous other masses during its {formation}; indeed, the proto-Earth is thought to have sustained a massive impact with a Mars-sized body named 'Theia'.

초기 지구는 형성 과정에서 수많은 다른 질량과 충돌했으며, 실제로 원시 지구는 '테이아'라는 화성 크기의 물체와 대규모의 충격을 받았다고 여겨진다.

sustain

[səˈsteɪn]

[동] 유지하다

[동] bear, maintain, support

[동] collapse under, torment, plague

[동] To provide support or strength to something; To maintain or keep something going
[명] A feature that allows a musical note to continue even after the key is no longer pressed; A musical effect that extends the duration of a note's sound

The early Earth collided with numerous other masses during its formation; indeed, the proto-Earth is thought to have {sustained} a massive impact with a Mars-sized body named 'Theia'.

초기 지구는 형성 과정에서 수많은 다른 질량과 충돌했으며, 실제로 원시 지구는 '테이아'라는 화성 크기의 물체와 대규모의 충격을 받았다고 여겨진다.

axis

[ˈæksɪs]

[명] 축

[명] centre line, pivot, vertical

[명] An imaginary line around which an object rotates; A straight line through the center of an object that allows for rotational movement

This impact is thought to have knocked the Earth off its 'daily' rotational {axis} so that the Earth now tilts about 23.4' away from its orbital axis around the Sun.

이 충격이 지구를 '일일' 회전 축에서 벗어나게 했다고 여겨지며, 현재 지구는 태양을 중심으로 한 궤도 축에서 약 23.4도 기울어져 있다.

degree

[dɪˈɡriː]

[명] 도

[명] level, amount, stage

[명] The level or extent of something; A specific stage in a process or series

Critically, the Moon's gravitational pull stabilizes the Earth's axial tilt, moderating the {degree} of wobble.

중대하게도, 달의 중력은 지구의 축 기울기를 안정시켜 흔들림의 정도를 조절한다.

rotate

[ˈroʊteɪt]

[동] 회전하다

[동] revolve, go round, turn

[동] To move in a circular path around an axis; To turn something around a central point
[형] Describing something that has parts arranged like the spokes of a wheel; Having a shape that spreads out like a wheel's spokes

This impact is thought to have knocked the Earth off its 'daily' {rotational} axis so that the Earth now tilts about 23.4' away from its orbital axis around the Sun.

이 충격이 지구를 '일일' 회전 축에서 벗어나게 했다고 여겨지며, 현재 지구는 태양을 중심으로 한 궤도 축에서 약 23.4도 기울어져 있다.

gravitational

[ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənl]

[형] 중력의

[형] Related to the force that pulls objects toward each other due to their mass; Concerning the attraction that one mass has for another in space

Critically, the Moon's {gravitational} pull stabilizes the Earth's axial tilt, moderating the degree of wobble.

중대하게도, 달의 중력은 지구의 축 기울기를 안정시켜 흔들림의 정도를 조절한다.

climate

[ˈklaɪmət]

[명] 기후

[명] weather pattern, weather, weather conditions

[명] The typical weather patterns in a specific area over a long period; The general atmospheric conditions of a particular region

This has produced a relatively stable {climate} on Earth for billions of years, and many believe that life on Earth would never have got started without this stabilization by the Moon.

이로 인해 지구는 수십억 년 동안 비교적 안정적인 기후를 유지해 왔으며, 많은 사람들은 달의 안정화가 없었다면 지구에서 생명이 시작되지 않았을 것이라고 믿는다.

orbital

[ˈɔːrbɪtl]

[형] 궤도의

[형] Describing something related to an orbit or the paths objects take around a center; Connecting to the area around the eye socket
[명] A road that circles around a city, often used to reduce traffic congestion; A type of highway designed to facilitate the movement of vehicles around an urban area

This impact is thought to have knocked the Earth off its 'daily' rotational axis so that the Earth now tilts about 23.4' away from its {orbital} axis around the Sun.

이 충격이 지구를 '일일' 회전 축에서 벗어나게 했다고 여겨지며, 현재 지구는 태양을 중심으로 한 궤도 축에서 약 23.4도 기울어져 있다.

impact

[명] [ˈɪmpækt], [동] [ɪmˈpækt]

[명] 충격

[명] collision, effect, force
[동] crash into, hit, smash into

[명] The action of one object hitting another forcefully; A strong effect or influence something has on another
[동] To come into forceful contact with another surface; To have a significant and usually negative effect on something

The early Earth collided with numerous other masses during its formation; indeed, the proto-Earth is thought to have sustained a massive {impact} with a Mars-sized body named 'Theia'.

초기 지구는 형성 과정에서 수많은 다른 질량과 충돌했으며, 실제로 원시 지구는 '테이아'라는 화성 크기의 물체와 대규모의 충격을 받았다고 여겨진다.

critically

[krítikəli]

[부] 중대하게

[부] In a way that shows disapproval or criticism; With a focus on analyzing and evaluating something carefully

{Critically}, the Moon's gravitational pull stabilizes the Earth's axial tilt, moderating the degree of wobble.

중대하게도, 달의 중력은 지구의 축 기울기를 안정시켜 흔들림의 정도를 조절한다.

stabilization

[ˌsteɪbələˈzeɪʃn]

[명] 안정화

[명] The act of making something steady or secure; The condition of being stable and not changing suddenly

This has produced a relatively stable climate on Earth for billions of years, and many believe that life on Earth would never have got started without this {stabilization} by the Moon.

이로 인해 지구는 수십억 년 동안 비교적 안정적인 기후를 유지해 왔으며, 많은 사람들은 달의 안정화가 없었다면 지구에서 생명이 시작되지 않았을 것이라고 믿는다.

massive

[ˈmæsɪv]

[형] 대규모의

[형] huge, enormous, great

[형] tiny

[형] Very large and heavy or solid; Exceptionally big in size or weight
[명] A large and heavy object or structure; Something that is very big in size or amount

The early Earth collided with numerous other masses during its formation; indeed, the proto-Earth is thought to have sustained a {massive} impact with a Mars-sized body named 'Theia'.

초기 지구는 형성 과정에서 수많은 다른 질량과 충돌했으며, 실제로 원시 지구는 '테이아'라는 화성 크기의 물체와 대규모의 충격을 받았다고 여겨진다.

numerous

[ˈnuːmərəs]

[형] 수많은

[형] many, a lot of, several

[형] few, occasional, rare

[형] Existing in large amounts or quantities; Consisting of a large number of individuals or units

The early Earth collided with {numerous} other masses during its formation; indeed, the proto-Earth is thought to have sustained a massive impact with a Mars-sized body named 'Theia'.

초기 지구는 형성 과정에서 수많은 다른 질량과 충돌했으며, 실제로 원시 지구는 '테이아'라는 화성 크기의 물체와 대규모의 충격을 받았다고 여겨진다.

believe

[bɪˈliːv]

[동] 믿다

[동] be convinced by, think, trust

[동] disbelieve, doubt

[동] To accept something as true without proof; To have faith in someone or something

This has produced a relatively stable climate on Earth for billions of years, and many {believe} that life on Earth would never have got started without this stabilization by the Moon.

이로 인해 지구는 수십억 년 동안 비교적 안정적인 기후를 유지해 왔으며, 많은 사람들은 달의 안정화가 없었다면 지구에서 생명이 시작되지 않았을 것이라고 믿는다.

reverse

[rɪˈvɜːrs]

[동] 뒤집다

[명] opposite, contrary, converse
[형] opposite, contrary, converse
[동] back, change, undo

[명] success, front, recto
[형] same, forwards
[동] go forwards, implement, keep to

[명] A complete change in direction or action; Something that is opposite to another thing
[형] Going in the opposite direction from what is usual; Having a condition that is contrary to the normal situation
[동] To move something backward; To change the direction or order to the opposite

Six months later, the situation is {reversed.}

6개월 후, 상황이 뒤집힌다.

tilt

[tɪlt]

[동] 기울다

[동] lean, slant, tip
[명] slope, list, angle

[동] level, right, be/come level

[동] To move something so that one side is higher than the other; To lean in a particular direction
[명] A position or movement where something is slanted or inclined; An inclination or slope in a particular direction

This impact is thought to have knocked the Earth off its 'daily' rotational axis so that the Earth now {tilts} about 23.4' away from its orbital axis around the Sun.

이 충격이 지구를 '일일' 회전 축에서 벗어나게 했다고 여겨지며, 현재 지구는 태양을 중심으로 한 궤도 축에서 약 23.4도 기울어져 있다.

collide

[kəˈlaɪd]

[동] 충돌하다

[동] crash, come into collision, clash

[동] coalesce

[동] To hit something accidentally while moving; To strike with great force against something or someone

The early Earth {collided} with numerous other masses during its formation; indeed, the proto-Earth is thought to have sustained a massive impact with a Mars-sized body named 'Theia'.

초기 지구는 형성 과정에서 수많은 다른 질량과 충돌했으며, 실제로 원시 지구는 '테이아'라는 화성 크기의 물체와 대규모의 충격을 받았다고 여겨진다.

produce

[동] [prəˈduːs], [prəˈdju:s]

[동] 생산하다

[동] manufacture, cause, have
[명] food, fruit and vegetables, foodstuff

[동] To create or manufacture something from materials; To make a product, especially through industrial processes
[명] Natural goods produced from farming or agriculture, especially fruits and vegetables; The fresh items like fruits and vegetables available for sale

This has {produced} a relatively stable climate on Earth for billions of years, and many believe that life on Earth would never have got started without this stabilization by the Moon.

이로 인해 지구는 수십억 년 동안 비교적 안정적인 기후를 유지해 왔으며, 많은 사람들은 달의 안정화가 없었다면 지구에서 생명이 시작되지 않았을 것이라고 믿는다.

hemisphere

[ˈhemɪsfɪr]

[명] 반구

[명] One half of a globe or sphere; A division of the Earth into two equal parts, such as the Northern and Southern Hemispheres

During part of the year, the northern {hemisphere} is tilted towards the Sun (summer) and the southern hemisphere is tilted away (winter).

1년 중 일부 기간 동안, 북반구는 태양을 향해 기울어지고(여름) 남반구는 멀어지게 기울어진다(겨울).

stabilize

[동] 안정시키다

[동] To make something stable and steady; To prevent something from changing or moving

Critically, the Moon's gravitational pull {stabilizes} the Earth's axial tilt, moderating the degree of wobble.

중대하게도, 달의 중력은 지구의 축 기울기를 안정시켜 흔들림의 정도를 조절한다.

observation

[ˌɑːbzərˈveɪʃn]

[명] 관찰

[명] watching, monitoring, study

[명] The act of watching something carefully to gain information; A statement that expresses what has been noticed during an observation
[형] Intended for use while watching or monitoring something; Made to facilitate the act of observing

Whether or not an {observation} is evidence for a person depends crucially on what the person is bringing to the table in terms of background knowledge.

관찰이 어떤 개인에게 증거인지 여부는 그 개인이 배경 지식 측면에서 무엇을 가져오는지에 결정적으로 의존한다.

category

[ˈkætəɡɔːri]

[명] 범주

[명] class, classification, grouping

[명] A class or division of people or things with shared characteristics; A group of similar items or individuals

Thus, categorized {observations} are what constitutes evidence.

따라서 범주화된 관찰이 증거를 구성하는 것이다.

role

[roʊl]

[명] 역할

[명] part, job, place

[명] A part played by an actor or performer in a production; The character that someone is expected to act like in a situation

However, it seems to us that in the empirical sciences, unconceptualized experiences hardly ever play a {role} as evidence.

그러나 경험적 과학에서는 개념화되지 않은 경험이 증거로 작용하는 경우는 거의 없는 것 같다.

nonexpert

[명] 비전문가

[명] A person who lacks specialized knowledge or skills; Someone who is not trained or knowledgeable in a certain field

I, a {nonexpert}, see the same spots, but I do not see them as Koplik spots.

나는 비전문가로서 같은 반점을 보지만, 그것들을 코플릭 반점으로 보지는 않는다.

experience

[ɪkˈspɪriəns]

[명] 경험

[명] skill, knowledge, practical knowledge
[동] undergo, encounter, have

[명] The knowledge gained from practical involvement in events or activities; A personal encounter with something that leaves a lasting impression
[동] To encounter or undergo something; To have a personal experience of an event

However, it seems to us that in the empirical sciences, unconceptualized {experiences} hardly ever play a role as evidence.

그러나 경험적 과학에서는 개념화되지 않은 경험이 증거로 작용하는 경우는 거의 없는 것 같다.

crucial

[ˈkruːʃl]

[형] 결정적인

[형] pivotal, vital, critical

[형] minor, unimportant

[형] Extremely important for the success or failure of something; Essential for determining the outcome of a situation

Whether or not an observation is evidence for a person depends {crucially} on what the person is bringing to the table in terms of background knowledge.

관찰이 어떤 개인에게 증거인지 여부는 그 개인이 배경 지식 측면에서 무엇을 가져오는지에 결정적으로 의존한다.

processing

[명] 처리

[명] The act of performing a series of operations on data; The method of transforming raw materials into a usable product

During the {processing} of sensory stimuli, we bring - often automatically - various categories, background knowledge, and similar things, to bear.

감각 자극의 처리 과정에서 우리는 종종 자동으로 다양한 범주와 배경 지식, 유사한 것들을 가져온다.

evidence

[ˈevɪdəns]

[명] 증거

[명] proof, confirmation, grounds
[동] indicate, show, prove

[동] disprove

[명] Information or facts that show whether something is true or valid; A clear sign that indicates something
[동] To show or provide proof of something; To indicate or suggest the truth of a situation

The physician sees the Koplik spots as Koplik spots and thereby gains {evidence} for her belief that the patient is coming down with the measles.

의사는 코플릭 반점을 코플릭 반점으로 보고, 따라서 환자가 홍역에 걸리고 있다는 믿음에 대한 증거를 얻는다.

physician

[fɪˈzɪʃn]

[명] 의사

[명] doctor, doctor of medicine, specialist

[명] A qualified professional who practices medicine and offers medical care; An expert who diagnoses and treats medical conditions

The {physician} sees the Koplik spots as Koplik spots and thereby gains evidence for her belief that the patient is coming down with the measles.

의사는 코플릭 반점을 코플릭 반점으로 보고, 따라서 환자가 홍역에 걸리고 있다는 믿음에 대한 증거를 얻는다.

worry

[ˈwɜːri]

[동] 걱정하다

[동] fret, be anxious, be worried
[명] anxiety, disturbance, concern

[동] be unconcerned, soothe
[명] peace of mind

[동] To feel anxious about something that may happen; To think constantly about potential problems
[명] A state of feeling anxious about something that may happen; A strong feeling of concern or fear over a potential issue

Some might {worry} that we are overintellectualizing evidence.

일부는 우리가 증거를 지나치게 지적화하고 있다고 걱정할지도 모른다.

measle

[mí:zl]

[명] 홍역

[명] A larval stage of a tapeworm found in some animals; A small red spot that appears on the skin during a measles infection

The physician sees the Koplik spots as Koplik spots and thereby gains evidence for her belief that the patient is coming down with the {measles}.

의사는 코플릭 반점을 코플릭 반점으로 보고, 따라서 환자가 홍역에 걸리고 있다는 믿음에 대한 증거를 얻는다.

unconceptualized

[형] 개념화되지 않은

However, it seems to us that in the empirical sciences, {unconceptualized} experiences hardly ever play a role as evidence.

그러나 경험적 과학에서는 개념화되지 않은 경험이 증거로 작용하는 경우는 거의 없는 것 같다.

stimuli

[stímjulài]

[명] 자극

[명] Things that cause a reaction or response; Factors that influence behavior or physiological processes

During the processing of sensory {stimuli}, we bring - often automatically - various categories, background knowledge, and similar things, to bear.

감각 자극의 처리 과정에서 우리는 종종 자동으로 다양한 범주와 배경 지식, 유사한 것들을 가져온다.

confront

[kənˈfrʌnt]

[동] 직면하다

[동] challenge, tackle, square up to

[동] avoid, evade, spare

[동] To face someone or something directly, especially in a challenging way; To meet someone in a position of conflict or argument

Thus, they are not evidence for me, because they don't provide me with good reasons for believing that I am {confronted} with a case of the measles.

따라서 그것들은 나에게 증거가 되지 않는데, 왜냐하면 그것들이 내가 홍역에 직면해 있다고 믿게 할 만한 좋은 이유를 제공하지 않기 때문이다.

patient

[ˈpeɪʃnt]

[명] 환자

[형] forbearing, uncomplaining, understanding
[명] sick person, case, victim

[형] impatient

[형] Able to wait without becoming annoyed; Calm and tolerant while facing difficulties
[명] A person who is receiving medical care; An individual who is being treated by a healthcare provider

The physician sees the Koplik spots as Koplik spots and thereby gains evidence for her belief that the {patient} is coming down with the measles.

의사는 코플릭 반점을 코플릭 반점으로 보고, 따라서 환자가 홍역에 걸리고 있다는 믿음에 대한 증거를 얻는다.

overintellectualize

[동] 지나치게 지적화하다

Some might worry that we are {overintellectualizing} evidence.

일부는 우리가 증거를 지나치게 지적화하고 있다고 걱정할지도 모른다.

belief

[bɪˈliːf]

[명] 믿음

[명] opinion, trust, view

[명] disbelief, doubt

[명] An acceptance that something is true or exists, often without proof; A strong feeling that something is true or real

The physician sees the Koplik spots as Koplik spots and thereby gains evidence for her {belief} that the patient is coming down with the measles.

의사는 코플릭 반점을 코플릭 반점으로 보고, 따라서 환자가 홍역에 걸리고 있다는 믿음에 대한 증거를 얻는다.

hypothesis

[haɪˈpɑːθəsɪs]

[명] 가설

[명] theory, theorem, premise

[명] A proposed explanation based on limited evidence that serves as a starting point for further investigation; An idea or theory that is not yet proven but encourages further research or conversation

Only observations that are seen as this or that can be evidence for (or against) some {hypothesis}.

오직 이러저러한 것으로 보이는 관찰만이 어떤 가설에 대한(혹은 반대의) 증거가 될 수 있다.

constitute

[ˈkɑːnstətuːt]

[동] 구성하다

[동] amount to, represent, add up to

[동] To make up a whole or part; To establish or set up something formally

Thus, categorized observations are what {constitutes} evidence.

따라서 범주화된 관찰이 증거를 구성하는 것이다.

illustrate

[ˈɪləstreɪt]

[동] 설명하다

[동] decorate, demonstrate, adorn

[동] To provide pictures or drawings to explain something; To clarify an idea by giving examples or illustrations

These disputes over taxation {illustrate} the broader challenge that governments face in regulating multinational corporations.

세금에 대한 이러한 분쟁은 정부가 다국적 기업을 규제하는 데 직면한 더 넓은 도전을 설명한다.

depriving

[동] 박탈하다

[동] dispossess, strip, rob

This practice, known as profit shifting, allows corporations to pay minimal taxes in the countries where they operate, {depriving} governments of critical revenue.

이 행위는 이익 이동으로 알려져 있으며, 기업들이 그들이 운영하는 국가에서 최소한의 세금을 납부하게 하여 정부의 중요한 수익을 박탈한다.

multinational

[ˌmʌltiˈnæʃnəl]

[형] 다국적의

[형] Involving multiple countries or nationalities; Relating to more than two nations
[명] A business that operates in multiple countries; A corporation that has offices or factories in different nations

Some {multinational} IT companies, which generate revenue through digital advertising and data collection, have been accused of exploiting loopholes in international tax regimes to shift profits to low-tax territories.

일부 다국적 IT 기업들은 디지털 광고와 데이터 수집을 통해 수익을 창출하며, 국제 세금 체계의 허점을 이용하여 이익을 낮은 세금 지역으로 이동시키는 혐의를 받고 있다.

impose

[ɪmˈpoʊz]

[동] 부과하다

[동] foist, force, thrust

[동] To force something upon someone; To establish rules or laws by authority

In response, several countries have attempted to {impose} digital services taxes on tech giants, but these efforts have been met with fierce resistance.

이에 대한 대응으로 여러 국가들이 기술 대기업에 디지털 서비스 세금을 부과하려고 했지만, 이러한 노력은 강력한 저항에 직면했다.

argue

[ˈɑːrɡjuː]

[동] 주장하다

[동] contend, quarrel, assert

[동] To give reasons to support or oppose an idea; To present differing opinions in a discussion

Corporations {argue} that such taxes unfairly target their business models, while governments contend that they are necessary to level the playing field and ensure that corporations contribute their fair share to the public good.

기업들은 이러한 세금이 그들의 사업 모델을 불공정하게 겨냥한다고 주장하는 반면, 정부는 이러한 세금이 공정한 경쟁을 위해 필요하다고 주장한다.

exploit

[ɪkˈsplɔɪt]

[동] 이용하다

[명] feat, deed, act
[동] utilize, take advantage of, abuse

[동] treat fairly

[명] A remarkable or daring achievement; An exciting or adventurous action
[동] To use something fully and benefit from it; To take advantage of a resource or opportunity

Some multinational IT companies, which generate revenue through digital advertising and data collection, have been accused of {exploiting} loopholes in international tax regimes to shift profits to low-tax territories.

일부 다국적 IT 기업들은 디지털 광고와 데이터 수집을 통해 수익을 생성하며, 국제 세금 체계의 허점을 이용하여 이익을 낮은 세금 지역으로 이동시키는 혐의를 받고 있다.

generate

[ˈdʒenəreɪt]

[동] 생성하다

[동] cause, produce, give rise to

[동] destroy, end

[동] To create something or bring it into existence; To produce or cause something to be made

Some multinational IT companies, which {generate} revenue through digital advertising and data collection, have been accused of exploiting loopholes in international tax regimes to shift profits to low-tax territories.

일부 다국적 IT 기업들은 디지털 광고와 데이터 수집을 통해 수익을 생성하며, 국제 세금 체계의 허점을 이용하여 이익을 낮은 세금 지역으로 이동시키는 혐의를 받고 있다.

revenue

[명] 수익

[명] income, takings, interest

[명] outgoings, expenditure

[명] The total amount of money received by a business or organization; Income generated from various sources, often by a government

Some multinational IT companies, which generate {revenue} through digital advertising and data collection, have been accused of exploiting loopholes in international tax regimes to shift profits to low-tax territories.

일부 다국적 IT 기업들은 디지털 광고와 데이터 수집을 통해 수익을 생성하며, 국제 세금 체계의 허점을 이용하여 이익을 낮은 세금 지역으로 이동시키는 혐의를 받고 있다.

ill-equipped

[형] 준비가 부족한

[형] Not having enough equipment or resources; Lacking the necessary tools for a task

Meanwhile, traditional regulatory frameworks, designed for nation-bound businesses, are often {ill-equipped} to address the complexities of global operations.

한편, 국가에 기반한 기업을 위해 설계된 전통적인 규제 체계는 종종 글로벌 운영의 복잡성을 다루기에 준비가 부족하다.

critical

[ˈkrɪtɪkl]

[형] 중요한

[형] censorious, crucial, disapproving

[형] complimentary, unimportant, safe

[형] Expressing disapproval or finding fault; Extremely important; crucial

This practice, known as profit shifting, allows corporations to pay minimal taxes in the countries where they operate, depriving governments of {critical} revenue.

이 행위는 이익 이동으로 알려져 있으며, 기업들이 그들이 운영하는 국가에서 최소한의 세금을 납부하게 하여 정부의 중요한 수익을 박탈한다.

regime

[reɪˈʒiːm]

[명] 체계

[명] government, authorities, rule

[명] A type of government, often authoritarian; The way a government is organized and operated

Some multinational IT companies, which generate revenue through digital advertising and data collection, have been accused of exploiting loopholes in international tax {regimes} to shift profits to low-tax territories.

일부 다국적 IT 기업들은 디지털 광고와 데이터 수집을 통해 수익을 생성하며, 국제 세금 체계의 허점을 이용하여 이익을 낮은 세금 지역으로 이동시키는 혐의를 받고 있다.

resistance

[rɪˈzɪstəns]

[명] 저항

[명] opposition to, opposition, hostility to

[명] acceptance, receptivity, submission

[명] The refusal to accept something or comply with it; An action taken to oppose or withstand something
[형] Describing something that opposes or withstands force; Related to a type of exercise that involves pushing against resistance

In response, several countries have attempted to impose digital services taxes on tech giants, but these efforts have been met with fierce {resistance}.

이에 대한 대응으로 여러 국가들이 기술 대기업에 디지털 서비스 세금을 부과하려고 했지만, 이러한 노력은 강력한 저항에 직면했다.

necessary

[ˈnesəseri]

[형] 필요한

[형] obligatory, needed, compulsory
[명] money, cash, the wherewithal

[형] unnecessary, non-essential, avoidable

[형] Required or essential for a particular purpose; Something that cannot be avoided or changed
[명] Items that are essential for living; Things that you must possess

Corporations argue that such taxes unfairly target their business models, while governments contend that they are {necessary} to level the playing field and ensure that corporations contribute their fair share to the public good.

기업들은 이러한 세금이 그들의 사업 모델을 불공정하게 겨냥한다고 주장하는 반면, 정부는 이러한 세금이 공정한 경쟁을 위해 필요하다고 주장한다.

loophole

[ˈluːphoʊl]

[명] 허점

[명] means of evasion/avoidance, let-out, means of escape

[명] A gap in the law that allows people to avoid responsibilities; An unclear part of a rule that can be used to escape penalties
[동] To create small openings for arrows or projectiles; To make slits in a structure for defensive purposes

Some multinational IT companies, which generate revenue through digital advertising and data collection, have been accused of exploiting {loopholes} in international tax regimes to shift profits to low-tax territories.

일부 다국적 IT 기업들은 디지털 광고와 데이터 수집을 통해 수익을 생성하며, 국제 세금 체계의 허점을 이용하여 이익을 낮은 세금 지역으로 이동시키는 혐의를 받고 있다.

avoid

[əˈvɔɪd]

[동] 피하다

[동] keep away from, prevent, stay away

[동] confront, face up to, seek out

[동] To keep away from something or someone; To prevent something from happening or being done

As a result, corporations are frequently able to {avoid} or undermine regulations, operating in a legal gray area where national laws cannot easily reach them.

그 결과, 기업들은 종종 규제를 피하거나 약화시킬 수 있으며, 국가 법률이 쉽게 미치지 못하는 법적 회색 지대에서 운영된다.

unfairly

[부] 불공정하게

[부] In a way that is not just or equitable; Doing something in a biased or prejudiced manner

Corporations argue that such taxes {unfairly} target their business models, while governments contend that they are necessary to level the playing field and ensure that corporations contribute their fair share to the public good.

기업들은 이러한 세금이 그들의 사업 모델을 불공정하게 겨냥한다고 주장하는 반면, 정부는 이러한 세금이 공정한 경쟁을 위해 필요하다고 주장한다.

regulate

[ˈreɡjuleɪt]

[동] 규제하다

[동] control, supervise, adjust

[동] To control the operation of something to ensure it works properly; To set rules or standards for how something should function

These disputes over taxation illustrate the broader challenge that governments face in {regulating} multinational corporations.

세금에 대한 이러한 분쟁은 정부가 다국적 기업을 규제하는 데 직면한 더 넓은 도전을 설명한다.

contend

[kənˈtend]

[동] 주장하다

[동] compete, argue, challenge

[동] To struggle to overcome a challenge; To compete with others for a goal or victory

Corporations argue that such taxes unfairly target their business models, while governments {contend} that they are necessary to level the playing field and ensure that corporations contribute their fair share to the public good.

기업들은 이러한 세금이 그들의 사업 모델을 불공정하게 겨냥한다고 주장하는 반면, 정부는 이러한 세금이 공정한 경쟁을 위해 필요하다고 주장한다.

framework

[ˈfreɪmwɜːrk]

[명] 체계

[명] frame, system, substructure

[명] The basic structure that supports or defines something; A system of ideas or principles that provides a foundation for something
[동] To attach a part to another, typically in a supportive way; To join two pieces together securely

Meanwhile, traditional regulatory {frameworks}, designed for nation-bound businesses, are often ill-equipped to address the complexities of global operations.

한편, 국가에 기반한 기업을 위해 설계된 전통적인 규제 체계는 종종 글로벌 운영의 복잡성을 다루기에 준비가 부족하다.

prevalent

[ˈprevələnt]

[형] 널리 퍼진

[형] widespread, common, prevailing

[형] uncommon, rare

[형] Widespread in a specific area or time; Commonly accepted or practiced in many places

But there are other, more toxic varieties that work together with the less harmful kind to create a {prevalent}, stubborn, and dangerous temporal illiteracy in our society.

하지만 더 독성의 종류가 있으며, 이는 덜 해로운 종류와 함께 작용하여 우리 사회에 널리 퍼진 고집 센 위험한 시간 문맹을 만들어낸다.

combination

[ˌkɑːmbɪˈneɪʃn]

[명] 조합

[명] amalgamation, mixture, amalgam

[명] conflict

[명] A joining of different parts or qualities that are distinct from each other; The result that comes from putting two or more things together

Time denial, rooted in a very human {combination} of pride and existential dread, is perhaps the most common and forgivable form of what might be called chronophobia.

시간 부정은 자부심과 실존적 두려움의 조합에 뿌리를 두고 있으며, 아마도 시간 공포증이라고 불릴 수 있는 가장 흔하고 용서할 수 있는 형태일 것이다.

capital

[ˈkæpɪtl]

[명] 자본

[명] first city, money, most important city
[형] upper-case, first-rate, block

[명] The city where the government is located; Wealth or money used for starting a business
[형] Referring to something that is of great importance; Relating to the main city where government activities occur
[감탄] An expression of approval or pleasure; A way to show that something is excellent or commendable

Most humans have no sense of temporal proportion - the durations of the great chapters in Earth's history, the rates of change during previous intervals of environmental instability, the intrinsic timescales of natural {capital} like groundwater systems.

대부분의 인간은 시간의 비율, 즉 지구 역사에서 중요한 장의 지속시간을 감지하지 못한다.

chronophobia

[krɑ̀nǝfóubiǝ]

[명] 시간 공포증

A fear of time passing; An anxiety related to the perception of time

Time denial, rooted in a very human combination of pride and existential dread, is perhaps the most common and forgivable form of what might be called {chronophobia}.

시간 부정은 자부심과 실존적 두려움의 조합에 뿌리를 두고 있으며, 아마도 시간 공포증이라고 불릴 수 있는 가장 흔하고 용서할 수 있는 형태일 것이다.

proportion

[prəˈpɔːrʃn]

[명] 비율

[명] part, portion, amount

[명] A part or share of a whole; The relationship between sizes or amounts
[동] To adjust something so that it is in the right relationship with other things; To change the size or amount of something relative to others

Most humans have no sense of temporal {proportion} - the durations of the great chapters in Earth's history.

대부분의 인간은 시간의 비율, 즉 지구 역사에서 중요한 장의 지속시간을 감지하지 못한다.

duration

[duˈreɪʃn]

[명] 지속시간

[명] full length, length, length of time

[명] The length of time something lasts or continues; A specific period during which an event occurs

Most humans have no sense of temporal proportion - the {durations} of the great chapters in Earth's history, the rates of change during previous intervals of environmental instability.

대부분의 인간은 시간의 비율, 즉 지구 역사에서 중요한 장의 지속시간을 감지하지 못한다.

existential

[ˌeɡzɪˈstenʃəl]

[형] 실존적인

[형] Relating to the state of being or existence; Concerning the philosophical study of existence

Time denial, rooted in a very human combination of pride and {existential} dread, is perhaps the most common and forgivable form of what might be called chronophobia.

시간 부정은 자부심과 실존적 두려움의 조합에 뿌리를 두고 있으며, 아마도 시간 공포증이라고 불릴 수 있는 가장 흔하고 용서할 수 있는 형태일 것이다.

temporal

[ˈtempərəl]

[형] 시간의

[형] secular, non-spiritual, worldly

[형] spiritual

[형] Relating to worldly affairs rather than spiritual ones; Of or pertaining to time, especially in the context of a specific duration
[명] A part of the body located near the temples; Relating to worldly or secular matters

But there are other, more toxic varieties that work together with the less harmful kind to create a prevalent, stubborn, and dangerous {temporal} illiteracy in our society.

하지만 더 독성의 종류가 있으며, 이는 덜 해로운 종류와 함께 작용하여 우리 사회에 널리 퍼진 고집 센 위험한 시간 문맹을 만들어낸다.

highlight

[ˈhaɪlaɪt]

[명] 주요 내용

[명] high point, high spot, peak
[동] call attention to, emphasize, focus attention on

[명] lowest point, low point, nadir
[동] play down

[명] A significant part of an event or experience that stands out; An exciting or important moment or detail
[동] To draw special attention to something; To make something stand out or be easily noticed

We are quite comfortable with widespread ignorance about anything but the most superficial {highlights} from the planet's long history.

우리는 행성의 긴 역사에서 가장 피상적인 주요 내용 외에는 광범위한 무지에 대해 상당히 편안하다.

instability

[ˌɪnstəˈbɪləti]

[명] 불안정성

[명] unreliability, uncertainty, insecurity

[명] stability, soundness

[명] The condition of being not firm or steady; A lack of stability that makes something likely to change

Most humans have no sense of temporal proportion - the durations of the great chapters in Earth's history, the rates of change during previous intervals of environmental {instability}.

대부분의 인간은 시간의 비율, 즉 지구 역사에서 중요한 장의 지속시간을 감지하지 못한다.

disinterest

[dɪsˈɪntrəst]

[명] 무관심

[명] impartiality, indifference, neutrality

[명] bias, interest

[명] The condition of being free from personal involvement or bias; A lack of interest or concern for something
[동] To make someone not care about something; To cause someone to lose interest

As a species, we have a childlike {disinterest} and partial disbelief in the time before our appearance on Earth.

우리 종으로서, 우리는 지구에 나타나기 전의 시간에 대해 어린아이 같은 무관심과 부분적인 불신을 가지고 있다.

variety

[vəˈraɪəti]

[명] 종류

[명] diversity, variation, change

[명] uniformity

[명] The quality of being different from one another; A collection of different types of something

But there are other, more toxic {varieties} that work together with the less harmful kind to create a prevalent, stubborn, and dangerous temporal illiteracy in our society.

하지만 더 독성의 종류가 있으며, 이는 덜 해로운 종류와 함께 작용하여 우리 사회에 널리 퍼진 고집 센 위험한 시간 문맹을 만들어낸다.

ignorance

[ˈɪɡnərəns]

[명] 무지

[명] incomprehension, lack of education, innocence

[명] knowledge, education

[명] The lack of knowledge or understanding about a subject; A state in which a person is uninformed or unaware

We are quite comfortable with widespread {ignorance} about anything but the most superficial highlights from the planet's long history.

우리는 행성의 긴 역사에서 가장 피상적인 주요 내용 외에는 광범위한 무지에 대해 상당히 편안하다.

illiteracy

[ilítərəsi]

[명] 문맹

[명] illiterateness, lack of education, inability to read or write

[명] literacy

[명] The inability to read or write; A condition where a person cannot read or write

But there are other, more toxic varieties that work together with the less harmful kind to create a prevalent, stubborn, and dangerous temporal {illiteracy} in our society.

하지만 더 독성의 종류가 있으며, 이는 덜 해로운 종류와 함께 작용하여 우리 사회에 널리 퍼진 고집 센 위험한 시간 문맹을 만들어낸다.

stubborn

[ˈstʌbərn]

[형] 고집 센

[형] obstinate, stubborn as a mule, dogged

[형] compliant, docile

[형] Not willing to change one's mind or attitude; Showing a strong determination to remain the same

But there are other, more toxic varieties that work together with the less harmful kind to create a prevalent, {stubborn}, and dangerous temporal illiteracy in our society.

하지만 더 독성의 종류가 있으며, 이는 덜 해로운 종류와 함께 작용하여 우리 사회에 널리 퍼진 고집 센 위험한 시간 문맹을 만들어낸다.

dread

[dred]

[명] 두려움

[동] fear, be afraid of, shrink from
[명] fear, fearfulness, alarm
[형] awful, feared, frightening

[동] look forward to
[명] confidence

[동] To feel a strong fear or anxiety about something that may happen; To anticipate something with intense apprehension
[명] A strong feeling of fear or anxiety about something that may happen; A great sense of fear, especially concerning a future event
[형] Something that is greatly feared or causes fear; Describing something that inspires dread or terror

Time denial, rooted in a very human combination of pride and existential {dread}, is perhaps the most common and forgivable form of what might be called chronophobia.

시간 부정은 자부심과 실존적 두려움의 조합에 뿌리를 두고 있으며, 아마도 시간 공포증이라고 불릴 수 있는 가장 흔하고 용서할 수 있는 형태일 것이다.

intrinsic

[ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk]

[형] 고유의

[형] inherent, essential, innate

[형] extrinsic, acquired

[형] Belonging to the fundamental nature of something; Inherent qualities that are essential to an object or concept

Most humans have no sense of temporal proportion - the durations of the great chapters in Earth's history, the rates of change during previous intervals of environmental instability, the {intrinsic} timescales of natural capital like groundwater systems.

대부분의 인간은 시간의 비율, 즉 지구 역사에서 중요한 장의 지속시간을 감지하지 못한다.

toxic

[ˈtɑːksɪk]

[형] 독성의

[형] poisonous, venomous, deadly

[형] non-toxic, harmless, safe

[형] Harmful to health when ingested or absorbed; Containing poisonous materials that can cause severe harm
[명] A substance that can cause harm or injury when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed; Chemicals that are harmful to living organisms

But there are other, more {toxic} varieties that work together with the less harmful kind to create a prevalent, stubborn, and dangerous temporal illiteracy in our society.

하지만 더 독성의 종류가 있으며, 이는 덜 해로운 종류와 함께 작용하여 우리 사회에 널리 퍼진 고집 센 위험한 시간 문맹을 만들어낸다.

pride

[praɪd]

[명] 자부심

[명] self-esteem, satisfaction, arrogance

[명] shame, humility, modesty

[명] A feeling of satisfaction from one's achievements or qualities; The quality of having self-respect and confidence
[동] To feel a deep satisfaction about something; To take pleasure in one's achievements or qualities

Time denial, rooted in a very human combination of {pride} and existential dread, is perhaps the most common and forgivable form of what might be called chronophobia.

시간 부정은 자부심과 실존적 두려움의 조합에 뿌리를 두고 있으며, 아마도 시간 공포증이라고 불릴 수 있는 가장 흔하고 용서할 수 있는 형태일 것이다.

superficial

[ˌsuːpərˈfɪʃl]

[형] 피상적인

[형] surface, shallow, exterior

[형] deep, serious, thorough

[형] Relating to or existing on the surface; Not deep; lacking depth in understanding or character

We are quite comfortable with widespread ignorance about anything but the most {superficial} highlights from the planet's long history.

우리는 행성의 긴 역사에서 가장 피상적인 주요 내용 외에는 광범위한 무지에 대해 상당히 편안하다.

stand out

[동] 두드러지다

[동] To be noticeable or prominent; To be different from others in a positive way

Among the countries in the graph, South Korea {stands out} for having the biggest difference between genders.

그래프에 있는 나라들 중에서 한국은 성별 간 가장 큰 차이를 보이며 두드러진다.

graph

[ɡræf]

[명] 그래프

[명] chart, diagram, grid
[동] plot, trace, draw up

[명] A visual representation showing the relationship between two or more variables; A diagram that illustrates data or information
[동] To create a visual representation of data on a graph; To display information using a graph format
[동/명] A visual representation of data, usually in the form of lines or bars; To draw a diagram or chart that illustrates relationships among variables

The {graph} above, based on a survey conducted in 2022-2023, shows the share of respondents who at least occasionally practiced yoga by gender in five countries.

위의 그래프는 2022-2023년에 실시된 조사에 기반하여 성별에 따라 최소한 가끔씩 요가를 연습한 응답자의 비율을 보여준다.

occasionally

[əˈkeɪʒnəli]

[부] 가끔씩

[부] sometimes, from time to time, at times

[부] often, constantly, frequently

[부] Not happening often, but happening sometimes; At certain times, but not regularly

The graph above, based on a survey conducted in 2022-2023, shows the share of respondents who at least {occasionally} practiced yoga by gender in five countries.

위의 그래프는 2022-2023년에 실시된 조사에 기반하여 성별에 따라 최소한 가끔씩 요가를 연습한 응답자의 비율을 보여준다.

rank

[ræŋk]

[동] 순위를 매기다

[명] position, status, grade
[동] classify, order, rate
[형] abundant, absolute, lush

[형] sparse, pleasant

[명] A position in a hierarchy, especially in the military or organization; The standing of a person or thing compared to others
[동] To assign a position based on quality or ability; To organize or position items in a specific order
[형] Growing in a thick and coarse manner; Having a strong and unpleasant odor

China {ranked} the lowest both in the percentage of women and men who said they practiced the exercise.

중국은 요가를 연습한다고 응답한 여성과 남성의 비율이 가장 낮았다.

exercise

[ˈeksərsaɪz]

[명] 운동

[명] physical activity, use, movement
[동] work out, put to use, do exercises

[명] A physical activity performed to improve health and fitness; An organized activity to develop a specific skill or ability
[동] To engage in physical activity to improve health; To use something for a specific purpose

China ranked the lowest both in the percentage of women and men who said they practiced the {exercise}.

중국은 요가를 연습한다고 응답한 여성과 남성의 비율이 가장 낮았다.

female

[ˈfiːmeɪl]

[형] 여자의

[형] feminine, womanly, womanlike

[형] male

[명] A woman or girl; An individual of the female sex
[형] Relating to the sex that can produce offspring or eggs; Describing characteristics associated with women or girls

In each country, the percentage of {female} respondents who participated in yoga was higher than that of male respondents.

각 나라에서 요가에 참여한 여성 응답자의 비율은 남성 응답자의 비율보다 높았다.

participate

[pɑːrˈtɪsɪpeɪt]

[동] 참여하다

[동] take part, engage, be involved

[동] refrain from

[동] To take part in an action or event; To join in and be involved in something

In each country, the percentage of female respondents who {participated} in yoga was higher than that of male respondents.

각 나라에서 요가에 참여한 여성 응답자의 비율은 남성 응답자의 비율보다 높았다.

gap

[ɡæp]

[명] 격차

[명] opening, margin, aperture

[명] A space or break in an object or between two things; An opening that separates two people or objects
[동] To create an opening or space in something; To make a notch or cut in an object

Conversely, the country with the smallest {gap} between the share of female respondents and that of male respondents who practiced it was India.

반대로, 요가를 연습한 여성 응답자와 남성 응답자 비율 간의 가장 작은 격차를 보인 나라는 인도였다.

country

[ˈkʌntri]

[명] 나라

[명] state, nation, sovereign state
[형] rural, countryside, outdoor

[명] city
[형] urban

[명] A nation that has its own government and defined territory; An area of land governed by a specific political entity
[형] Relating to the rural area or countryside; Characteristic of life in the countryside

Conversely, the {country} with the smallest gap between the share of female respondents and that of male respondents who practiced it was India.

반대로, 요가를 연습한 여성 응답자와 남성 응답자 비율 간의 가장 작은 격차를 보인 나라는 인도였다.

percentage

[pərˈsentɪdʒ]

[명] 비율

[명] A number or rate that represents a part of a whole out of 100; The rate, number, or amount expressed as parts per hundred
[형] Relating to a part or portion of something expressed in hundredths; Describing a ratio that is expressed as a fraction of 100

In each country, the {percentage} of female respondents who participated in yoga was higher than that of male respondents.

각 나라에서 요가에 참여한 여성 응답자의 비율은 남성 응답자의 비율보다 높았다.

respondent

[rɪˈspɑːndənt]

[명] 응답자

[명] A person who answers questions in a survey; Someone involved in a legal case, answering a petition
[형] In a position to reply or react to something; Describing someone who answers or responds to a question

The graph above, based on a survey conducted in 2022-2023, shows the share of {respondents} who at least occasionally practiced yoga by gender in five countries.

위의 그래프는 2022-2023년에 실시된 조사에 기반하여 성별에 따라 최소한 가끔씩 요가를 연습한 응답자의 비율을 보여준다.

survey

[동] [sərˈveɪ], [명] [ˈsɜːrveɪ]

[명] 조사

[동] look at, interview, poll
[명] study, poll, consideration

[동] To look closely at something to understand it better; To examine the condition or situation of something
[명] A general view or examination of a subject or area; An activity where people answer questions to gather information

The graph above, based on a {survey} conducted in 2022-2023, shows the share of respondents who at least occasionally practiced yoga by gender in five countries.

위의 그래프는 2022-2023년에 실시된 조사에 기반하여 성별에 따라 최소한 가끔씩 요가를 연습한 응답자의 비율을 보여준다.

conversely

[ˈkɑːnvɜːrsli]

[부] 반대로

[부] Used to introduce a statement that contrasts with the previous one; In a way that is opposite to something mentioned earlier

{Conversely}, the country with the smallest gap between the share of female respondents and that of male respondents who practiced it was India.

반대로, 요가를 연습한 여성 응답자와 남성 응답자 비율 간의 가장 작은 격차를 보인 나라는 인도였다.

lowest

[lóuist]

[형] 가장 낮은

[형] The least high or the smallest in degree; It describes something that is at the bottom level

China ranked the {lowest} both in the percentage of women and men who said they practiced the exercise.

중국은 요가를 연습한다고 응답한 여성과 남성의 비율이 가장 낮았다.

male

[meɪl]

[형] 남자의

[형] masculine, to do with men, manly

[형] female

[형] Relating to the sex that produces sperm; Describing characteristics typical of men
[명] An individual of the male sex or gender; A person who identifies as male, such as a boy or man

In each country, the percentage of female respondents who participated in yoga was higher than that of {male} respondents.

각 나라에서 요가에 참여한 여성 응답자의 비율은 남성 응답자의 비율보다 높았다.

gender

[ˈdʒendə(r)]

[명] 성별

[명] The classification of individuals as male, female, or other based on social and cultural roles; A grammatical category that classifies nouns and pronouns based on characteristics such as masculine or feminine
[동] To assign a specific gender to someone or something; To identify or categorize as belonging to a particular gender

The graph above, based on a survey conducted in 2022-2023, shows the share of respondents who at least occasionally practiced yoga by {gender} in five countries.

위의 그래프는 2022-2023년에 실시된 조사에 기반하여 성별에 따라 최소한 가끔씩 요가를 연습한 응답자의 비율을 보여준다.

difference

[ˈdɪfrəns]

[명] 차이

[명] dissimilarity, contrast, distinction

[명] similarity, agreement

[명] A way that two or more things are not the same; The quality that makes one thing distinct from another
[동] To make a distinction between things or people; To recognize and express how things are not the same

Among the countries in the graph, South Korea stands out for having the biggest {difference} between genders.

그래프에 있는 나라들 중에서 한국은 성별 간 가장 큰 차이를 보이며 두드러진다.

Nobel Prize

[noʊˌbel ˈpraɪz]

[명] 노벨상

[명] An international award given each year for exceptional contributions in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, economics, and peace; One of six prestigious prizes awarded annually to individuals for significant achievements in literature, science, and peace efforts

In 1990, Paz won the {Nobel Prize} for Literature, becoming the first Mexican writer to do so.

1990년, 파즈는 문학으로 노벨상을 수상하며 첫 번째 멕시코 작가가 되었다.

win

[wɪn]

[동] 얻다, 취하다

[동] come first in, be victorious in, prevail
[명] victory, triumph, success

[동] lose, be beaten, forfeit
[명] defeat

[동] To achieve success or victory in a competition; To gain something through effort or luck
[명] A successful result in a competition or game; An achievement of victory, especially in sports

In 1990, Paz {won} the Nobel Prize for Literature, becoming the first Mexican writer to do so.

1990년, 파즈는 문학으로 노벨상을 수상하며 첫 번째 멕시코 작가가 되었다.

visit

[ˈvɪzɪt]

[명] 방문

[동] call on, go to sth, call in on
[명] social call, call, tour

[동] To go to see someone and spend time with them; To pay a call on someone as a sign of friendship
[명] An act of going to see someone or a place as a guest; A short stay at a location or with someone

On a {visit} to Spain in 1937, he wrote Beneath Your Clear Shadow and Other Poems, which showed him to be a poet of great promise.

1937년 스페인을 방문했을 때 그는 '맑은 그림자 아래'와 기타 시를 썼고, 이는 그가 큰 가능성을 가진 시인임을 보여주었다.

poetry

[ˈpoʊətri]

[명] 시

[명] poems, verse, verses

[명] A form of literature that expresses feelings and ideas using a special style and rhythm; The creative works produced by a poet

While at university he published his first book of {poetry}, Forest Moon, in 1933.

대학 시절 그는 1933년에 시집 '숲의 달'을 출판하였다.

Mexican

[ˈmeksɪkən]

[형] 멕시코의

[형] Describing something that comes from or is related to Mexico; Connected to the culture, traditions, or people of Mexico
[명] A person who originates from Mexico; Someone who has Mexican ancestry

In 1990, Paz won the Nobel Prize for Literature, becoming the first {Mexican} writer to do so.

1990년, 파즈는 문학으로 노벨상을 수상하며 첫 번째 멕시코 작가가 되었다.

literary

[ˈlɪtəreri]

[형] 문학의

[형] written, well-read, poetic

[형] ill-educated, popular, informal

[형] Related to the writing and study of literature; Concerning works of literature and their quality

Mexican poet and diplomat Octavio Paz was one of the chief {literary} figures of the 20th century.

멕시코의 시인 겸 외교관 옥타비오 파즈는 20세기의 주요 문학 인물 중 한 명이었다.

resignation

[ˌrezɪɡˈneɪʃn]

[명] 사임

[명] departure, leaving, notice

[명] resistance

[명] The act of formally quitting a job or position; A document that states someone has decided to leave their job

After his {resignation}, he taught briefly at Cambridge University in England and at Harvard University in the United States.

그의 사임 이후, 그는 영국 케임브리지대학교와 미국 하버드대학교에서 잠깐 가르쳤다.

publish

[ˈpʌblɪʃ]

[동] 출판하다

[동] issue, put out, bring out

[동] To prepare and distribute a book, magazine, or other work to the public; To make information available to a wide audience

While at university he {published} his first book of poetry, Forest Moon, in 1933.

대학 시절 그는 1933년에 시집 '숲의 달'을 출판하였다.

Literature

[ˈlɪtrətʃʊr]

[명] 문학

[명] written works, writings, text

[명] Written works regarded for their artistic value; Writings in both prose and poetry forms

In 1990, Paz won the Nobel Prize for {Literature}, becoming the first Mexican writer to do so.

1990년, 파즈는 문학으로 노벨상을 수상하며 첫 번째 멕시코 작가가 되었다.

promise

[ˈprɑːmɪs]

[명] 약속, 가능성

[명] word of honour, guarantee, commitment
[동] give one's word, guarantee, swear

[명] A declaration that someone will do something or that something will happen; An assurance that an action will be taken or avoided in the future
[동] To assure someone that you will do something; To commit to doing or providing something in the future

On a visit to Spain in 1937, he wrote Beneath Your Clear Shadow and Other Poems, which showed him to be a poet of great {promise}.

1937년 스페인을 방문했을 때 그는 '맑은 그림자 아래'와 기타 시를 썼고, 이는 그가 큰 가능성을 가진 시인임을 보여주었다.

briefly

[ˈbriːfli]

[부] 잠깐, 간단히

[부] momentarily, quickly, temporarily

[부] For a short amount of time; In a few words without much detail

After his resignation, he taught {briefly} at Cambridge University in England and at Harvard University in the United States.

그의 사임 이후, 그는 영국 케임브리지대학교와 미국 하버드대학교에서 잠깐 가르쳤다.

extensive

[ɪkˈstensɪv]

[형] 광범위한

[형] large, large-scale, considerable

[형] small, confined, restricted

[형] Covering a large area or having a wide reach; Very large in amount, degree, or scale

He came into early contact with literature due to his grandfather's {extensive} library.

그는 할아버지의 광범위한 도서관 덕분에 일찍 문학과 접하게 되었다.

library

[ˈlaɪbreri]

[명] 도서관

[명] A building where books and other materials are kept for people to read or borrow; A place filled with books, magazines, and other resources for public use
[동] To work using materials provided by a library; To engage in research or study with resources found in a library

He came into early contact with literature due to his grandfather's extensive {library}.

그는 할아버지의 광범위한 도서관 덕분에 일찍 문학과 접하게 되었다.

ambassador

[æmˈbæsədə(r)]

[명] 대사

[명] envoy, representative, diplomat

[명] A high-ranking official who represents their country in another nation; An appointed diplomat who acts as a representative abroad

From 1962 until 1968, Paz served as Mexico's {ambassador} to India, although he continued writing poetry as well.

1962년부터 1968년까지 파즈는 멕시코의 인도 대사로 재직했지만, 시 쓰기를 계속하였다.

teach

[tiːtʃ]

[동] 가르치다

[동] educate, instruct, lecture

[동] To give knowledge or skills to someone; To show someone how to do something
[명] A person who provides instruction or education; Someone who helps others learn new skills or knowledge

After his resignation, he {taught} briefly at Cambridge University in England and at Harvard University in the United States.

그의 사임 이후, 그는 영국 케임브리지대학교와 미국 하버드대학교에서 잠깐 가르쳤다.

poet

[ˈpoʊət]

[명] 시인

[명] verse writer, bard, versifier

[명] A person who composes poetry for artistic expression; Someone who creates verses and explores emotions through words

Mexican {poet} and diplomat Octavio Paz was one of the chief literary figures of the 20th century.

멕시코의 시인 겸 외교관 옥타비오 파즈는 20세기의 주요 문학 인물 중 한 명이었다.

diplomat

[ˈdɪpləmæt]

[명] 외교관

[명] ambassador, official, envoy

[명] A representative of a country who works abroad; A person trained in managing relations between countries

Mexican poet and {diplomat} Octavio Paz was one of the chief literary figures of the 20th century.

멕시코의 시인 겸 외교관 옥타비오 파즈는 20세기의 주요 문학 인물 중 한 명이었다.

Admission

[명] 입장

Where: National Science Museum {Admission} Fee: $5 (Hands-on activities not included)

장소: 국립 과학 박물관 입장료: $5 (체험 활동은 포함되지 않음)

participant

[pɑːrˈtɪsɪpənt]

[명] 참가자

[명] participator, contender, contributor

[명] A person who takes part in an event or activity; Someone who is involved in a project or competition
[형] Involved in an activity; Taking part in something

$1 extra per {participant}.

참가자당 추가 $1.

information

[ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃn]

[명] 정보

[명] details, facts, data

[명] Facts or details provided about a specific subject; Knowledge gained through study or experience

For more {information}, call us at (254) 832-9585.

자세한 정보는 (254) 832-9585로 문의하세요.

virtual

[ˈvɜːrtʃuəl]

[형] 가상의

[형] effective, practical, in effect

[형] Almost real but not quite, often used to describe things that exist in a digital format; Referring to something that is made to look real by software, even though it is not actually present

(Activity)(Building a Model Beehive / Tracing Bees in {Virtual} Reality.

(활동)(벌집 모형 만들기 / 가상 현실에서 벌 추적하기.

Communication

[명] 의사소통

(Theme)Bee {Communication} - (Place)2nd Floor: (Theme)Structure of a Beehive.

(주제)벌 의사소통 - (장소)2층: (주제)벌집의 구조.

required

[rikwáiərd]

[형] 필수의

[형] essential, obligatory, vital

[형] optional, inessential

[형] Something that is officially necessary or mandatory; Essential for a specific purpose or situation

An adult companion {required} for kids under 7 - (Place)Newton Hall.

7세 이하의 어린이를 위한 성인 동반자가 필수임 - (장소)뉴턴 홀.

exhibition

[ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn]

[명] 전시

[명] display, show, showing

[명] A public event where various items or artworks are displayed for viewing; An instance of showing something, especially in a gallery or museum

{Exhibitions} - (Place)1st Floor: (Theme)Bee Communication - (Place)2nd Floor: (Theme)Structure of a Beehive - (Place)3rd Floor: (Theme)Bees' Habitat Loss Hands-on Activities.

전시 - (장소)1층: (주제)벌 의사소통 - (장소)2층: (주제)벌집의 구조 - (장소)3층: (주제)벌의 서식지 손실 체험 활동.

Habitat

[명] 서식지

(Place)3rd Floor: (Theme)Bees' {Habitat} Loss Hands-on Activities.

(장소)3층: (주제)벌의 서식지 손실 체험 활동.

wonder

[ˈwʌndə(r)]

[명] 경이

[명] awe, amazement, admiration
[동] ponder, think, ask oneself

[명] A feeling of amazement caused by something beautiful or unusual; An event or object that surprises or astonishes people
[동] To have a desire to know something; To feel a sense of surprise or admiration
[형] Describing something that inspires amazement; Causing a feeling of admiration or surprise

<The {Wonders} of Bees> Attention, all bee lovers!

<벌의 경이> 주목하세요, 모든 벌 사랑하는 분들!

structure

[ˈstrʌktʃə(r)]

[명] 구조

[명] building, arrangement, framework
[동] arrange, organize, order

[명] The arrangement and relationship of parts within a complex entity; A cohesive entity made up of distinct components
[동] To build or arrange something in a specific way; To create an organized pattern or system

(Theme)Bee Communication - (Place)2nd Floor: (Theme){Structure} of a Beehive.

(주제)벌 의사소통 - (장소)2층: (주제)벌집의 구조.

activity

[ækˈtɪvəti]

[명] 활동

[명] bustle, action, hustle and bustle

[명] calm, inaction, inactivity

[명] The state of being engaged in actions or events; An occurrence or an action that takes place

An adult companion required for kids under 7 - (Place)Newton Hall: {(Activity)(Building} a Model Beehive / Tracing Bees in Virtual Reality For more information, call us at (254) 832-9585.

7세 이하의 어린이를 위한 성인 동반자가 필요함 - (장소)뉴턴 홀: (활동)(벌집 모형 만들기 / 가상 현실에서 벌 추적하기)

Model

[명] 모형

(Activity)(Building a {Model} Beehive / Tracing Bees in Virtual Reality

(활동)(벌집 모형 만들기 / 가상 현실에서 벌 추적하기

creature

[ˈkriːtʃə(r)]

[명] 생물

[명] animal, living thing, beast

[명] A living being, especially an animal; Any type of animal or organism

Come and discover the wonders of these tiny {creatures!}

오셔서 이 작은 생물들의 경이를 발견하세요!

companion

[kəmˈpæniən]

[명] 동반자

[명] associate, friend, partner

[명] A person or animal with whom one spends time or shares experiences; An individual who accompanies another for companionship
[동] To go with someone; To accompany another person

An adult {companion} required for kids under 7 - (Place)Newton Hall.

7세 이하의 어린이를 위한 성인 동반자가 필요함 - (장소)뉴턴 홀.

Loss

[lɔːs]

[명] 손실

[명] mislaying, losing, casualties

[명] recovery, gain, finding

[명] The state of no longer having something or someone; A reduction in the amount or value of something

(Place)3rd Floor: (Theme)Bees' Habitat {Loss} Hands-on Activities.

(장소)3층: (주제)벌의 서식지 손실 체험 활동.

Sharing

[명] 공유

5:00 p.m.: Introduction of each local dish . 5:30 p.m.: {Sharing} and enjoying dishes . 6:30 p.m.: Voting for the best dish . 7:00 p.m.: Dance party with drinks and desserts Notes - Drinks and desserts will be served for free.

오후 5시: 각 지역 요리 소개 . 오후 5시 30분: 요리 나누기 및 즐기기 . 오후 6시 30분: 최고의 요리에 대한 투표 . 오후 7시: 음료수와 디저트가 제공되는 댄스 파티 참고 - 음료와 디저트는 무료로 제공된다.

Voting

[ˈvoʊtɪŋ]

[명] 투표

5:00 p.m.: Introduction of each local dish . 5:30 p.m.: Sharing and enjoying dishes . 6:30 p.m.: {Voting} for the best dish . 7:00 p.m.: Dance party with drinks and desserts Notes - Drinks and desserts will be served for free.

오후 5시: 각 지역 요리 소개 . 오후 5시 30분: 요리 나누기 및 즐기기 . 오후 6시 30분: 최고의 요리에 대한 투표 . 오후 7시: 음료수와 디저트가 제공되는 댄스 파티 참고 - 음료와 디저트는 무료로 제공된다.

Guidelines

[명] 지침

Site & Date - Main cafeteria - Friday, July 18, 2025 {Guidelines} - Participation is only for freshman international students of Pineview Culinary Institute.

장소 및 날짜 - 메인 카페테리아 - 2025년 7월 18일 금요일 지침 - 참여는 파인뷰 요리학교의 신입생 국제 학생만 가능하다.

Introduction

[ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃn]

[명] 소개

[명] institution, launch, formation

[명] abolition, elimination, afterword

[명] the action of introducing something; the act of making a person known to others by name

{Introduction} of each local dish . 5:30 p.m.: Sharing and enjoying dishes . 6:30 p.m.: Voting for the best dish . 7:00 p.m.: Dance party with drinks and desserts Notes - Drinks and desserts will be served for free.

각 지역 요리의 소개 . 오후 5시 30분: 요리 나누기 및 즐기기 . 오후 6시 30분: 최고의 요리에 대한 투표 . 오후 7시: 음료수와 디저트가 제공되는 댄스 파티 참고 - 음료와 디저트는 무료로 제공된다.

gourmet

[ˈɡʊrmeɪ]

[형] 미식의

[명] gastronome, connoisseur, epicure

[명] A person who is knowledgeable about and enjoys high-quality food; Someone who appreciates fine dining and gourmet dishes
[형] Relating to high-quality or fine food that is often made with expert skill; Describes food that is prepared with great attention to detail and quality

<Global {Gourmet} Potluck Party> Are you ready to share your country's special dish?

<세계 미식 각자 음식을 가져오는 모임> 당신의 나라의 특별한 요리를 나눌 준비가 되셨나요?

Participation

[pɑːrˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn]

[명] 참여

Site & Date - Main cafeteria - Friday, July 18, 2025 Guidelines - {Participation} is only for freshman international students of Pineview Culinary Institute.

장소 및 날짜 - 메인 카페테리아 - 2025년 7월 18일 금요일 지침 - 참여는 파인뷰 요리학교의 신입생 국제 학생만 가능하다.

dish

[dɪʃ]

[명] 요리

[명] bowl, plate, soup plate

[명] A flat, shallow container used for serving or cooking food; A type of vessel, often circular, used to hold or display food
[동] To serve food by placing it in a dish; To share gossip or personal stories with others

- Participants must make and bring one of their countries' {dishes.}

- 참가자는 자신의 나라 요리 중 하나를 만들어서 가져와야 한다.

Potluck

[명] 각자 음식을 가져오는 모임

<Global Gourmet {Potluck} Party> Are you ready to share your country's special dish?

<세계 미식 각자 음식을 가져오는 모임> 당신의 나라의 특별한 요리를 나눌 준비가 되셨나요?

Schedule

[ˈskedʒuːl]

[명] 일정

[명] plan, agenda, programme
[동] arrange, plan, set

[명] A plan that outlines events and their respective times; A list of activities or events arranged by time
[동] To arrange something to happen at a specific time; To set a time for an event or activity to take place

{Schedule}. 5:00 p.m.: Introduction of each local dish . 5:30 p.m.: Sharing and enjoying dishes . 6:30 p.m.: Voting for the best dish . 7:00 p.m.: Dance party with drinks and desserts Notes - Drinks and desserts will be served for free.

일정. 오후 5시: 각 지역 요리 소개 . 오후 5시 30분: 요리 나누기 및 즐기기 . 오후 6시 30분: 최고의 요리에 대한 투표 . 오후 7시: 음료수와 디저트가 제공되는 댄스 파티 참고 - 음료와 디저트는 무료로 제공된다.

trophy

[ˈtroʊfi]

[명] 트로피

[명] cup, prize, medal

[명] A decorative object awarded as a prize for winning a competition; An item given as a reward for achieving success in an event
[동] To decorate something with trophies; To award a trophy to someone for their achievement

- A {trophy} will be given to the student who brings the best dish.

- 최고의 요리를 가져온 학생에게 트로피가 수여된다.

Participants

[명] 참가자

- {Participants} must make and bring one of their countries' dishes.

- 참가자는 자신의 나라 요리 중 하나를 만들어서 가져와야 한다.

international

[ˌɪntərˈnæʃnəl]

[형] 국제적인

[형] global, worldwide, world

[형] national, local

[형] Relating to or involving more than one nation; Existing or happening between countries
[명] A game or competition where teams from different countries participate; An individual who competes in a sport on behalf of their country

Site & Date - Main cafeteria - Friday, July 18, 2025 Guidelines - Participation is only for freshman {international} students of Pineview Culinary Institute.

장소 및 날짜 - 메인 카페테리아 - 2025년 7월 18일 금요일 지침 - 참여는 파인뷰 요리학교의 신입생 국제 학생만 가능하다.

dessert

[dɪˈzɜːrt]

[명] 디저트

[명] pudding, sweet, sweet course/dish

[명] A sweet dish served at the end of a meal; A sugary treat that concludes a dining experience
[형] Relating to a sweet course typically served at the end of a meal; Describing something that is sweet and served after the main dish

7:00 p.m.: Dance party with drinks and {desserts}. Notes - Drinks and desserts will be served for free.

오후 7시: 음료수와 디저트가 제공되는 댄스 파티 참고 - 음료와 디저트는 무료로 제공된다.

freshman

[ˈfreʃmən]

[명] 신입생

[명] first-year student, undergraduate, newcomer

[명] A student who is in their first year at university or college; Someone who has just started their high school or college education
[형] Relating to a student in their first year of study; Describing someone who is new to a particular field or activity

Site & Date - Main cafeteria - Friday, July 18, 2025 Guidelines - Participation is only for {freshman} international students of Pineview Culinary Institute.

장소 및 날짜 - 메인 카페테리아 - 2025년 7월 18일 금요일 지침 - 참여는 파인뷰 요리학교의 신입생 국제 학생만 가능하다.

delicious

[dɪˈlɪʃəs]

[형] 맛있는

[형] mouth-watering, delectable, tasty

[형] inedible, unpleasant, unpalatable

[형] Very pleasant to taste or smell; Having a pleasing flavor that makes you want to eat
[명] Something that has a very pleasant taste; Food that is enjoyable to eat

Join us and have a {delicious} meal together.

우리와 함께 맛있는 식사를 하세요.

ability

[əˈbɪləti]

[명] 능력

[명] capacity, capability, power

[명] inability, incapacity

[명] The skills or talents that enable someone to do something; The power to perform a task effectively

Only by enlisting subjects in a social relationship, even if briefly, do the researchers feel they can depend on the subjects to follow directions to the best of their {ability}.

과학자들은 피실험자를 짧게라도 사회적 관계에 모집해야만 그들이 피실험자가 최대한 능력에 맞춰 지시사항을 따를 것이라고 의존할 수 있다고 느낀다.

neuroimaging

[명] 신경영상

[명] A method to take pictures of the brain's structure and function; Techniques used to visualize the nervous system

Working with neuroscientists who use {neuroimaging} to understand how the human brain works, anthropologist Simon Cohn has shown the extent to which scientists need to develop personal, even intimate, relationships with their subjects in order to secure their cooperation.

신경영상 기술을 사용하여 인간의 뇌가 어떻게 작동하는지 이해하는 신경과학자들과 협력하면서, 인류학자 사이먼 코언은 과학자들이 개인적이고 심지어 친밀한 관계를 발전시킬 필요가 있는 정도를 보여주었다.

subjective

[səbˈdʒektɪv]

[형] 주관적인

[형] personal, personalized, emotional

[형] objective, impartial

[형] Based on personal feelings or opinions rather than external facts; Influenced by an individual's emotions or perceptions
[명] A term relating to personal opinions or feelings; An idea that is based on personal perspectives

Before the subjects ever enter the scanner, researchers provide them with reassurance and sympathy and share personal experiences, creating a {subjective} alliance between researcher and subject.

피실험자들이 스캐너에 들어가기 전에, 연구자들은 그들에게 안심과 동정을 제공하고 개인적인 경험을 공유하여 연구자와 피실험자 간의 주관적인 동맹을 형성한다.

cooperation

[koʊˌɑːpəˈreɪʃn]

[명] 협력

[명] collaboration, teamwork, working together

[명] opposition, hindrance

[명] The process of working together toward a common goal; When people or groups work together to achieve something

Working with neuroscientists who use neuroimaging to understand how the human brain works, anthropologist Simon Cohn has shown the extent to which scientists need to develop personal, even intimate, relationships with their subjects in order to secure their {cooperation}.

신경영상 기술을 사용하여 인간의 뇌가 어떻게 작동하는지 이해하는 신경과학자들과 협력하면서, 인류학자 사이먼 코언은 과학자들이 개인적이고 심지어 친밀한 관계를 발전시킬 필요가 있는 정도를 보여주었다.

extent

[ɪkˈstent]

[명] 정도

[명] area, magnitude, size

[명] The area covered by something; The range or distance over which something extends

Working with neuroscientists who use neuroimaging to understand how the human brain works, anthropologist Simon Cohn has shown the {extent} to which scientists need to develop personal, even intimate, relationships with their subjects in order to secure their cooperation.

신경영상 기술을 사용하여 인간의 뇌가 어떻게 작동하는지 이해하는 신경과학자들과 협력하면서, 인류학자 사이먼 코언은 과학자들이 개인적이고 심지어 친밀한 관계를 발전시킬 필요가 있는 정도를 보여주었다.

scanner

[ˈskænə(r)]

[명] 스캐너

[명] A device used to examine or read information; A machine that converts physical documents into digital format

Strapped down uncomfortably in a dark, noisy {scanner}, subjects must nonetheless pay attention and follow directions in order to produce data the researchers can use.

어두운 시끄러운 스캐너에 불편하게 묶인 피실험자들은 그럼에도 불구하고 주의 깊게 지시사항을 따르고 연구자들이 사용할 수 있는 데이터를 생성해야 한다.

alliance

[əˈlaɪəns]

[명] 동맹

[명] association, union, league

[명] distance, division, separation

[명] A partnership formed between individuals or groups for common goals; A formal agreement between countries or organizations to support each other

Before the subjects ever enter the scanner, researchers provide them with reassurance and sympathy and share personal experiences, creating a subjective {alliance} between researcher and subject.

피실험자들이 스캐너에 들어가기 전에, 연구자들은 그들에게 안심과 동정을 제공하고 개인적인 경험을 공유하여 연구자와 피실험자 간의 주관적인 동맹을 형성한다.

neuroscientist

[명] 신경과학자

[명] A professional who studies the brain and nervous system; An expert who conducts research in the field of neuroscience

Working with {neuroscientists} who use neuroimaging to understand how the human brain works, anthropologist Simon Cohn has shown the extent to which scientists need to develop personal, even intimate, relationships with their subjects in order to secure their cooperation.

신경영상 기술을 사용하여 인간의 뇌가 어떻게 작동하는지 이해하는 신경과학자들과 협력하면서, 인류학자 사이먼 코언은 과학자들이 개인적이고 심지어 친밀한 관계를 발전시킬 필요가 있는 정도를 보여주었다.

develop

[dɪˈveləp]

[동] 발전시키다

[동] grow, move, evolve

[동] To grow or become more mature over time; To cause something to grow or become more advanced

Working with neuroscientists who use neuroimaging to understand how the human brain works, anthropologist Simon Cohn has shown the extent to which scientists need to {develop} personal, even intimate, relationships with their subjects in order to secure their cooperation.

신경영상 기술을 사용하여 인간의 뇌가 어떻게 작동하는지 이해하는 신경과학자들과 협력하면서, 인류학자 사이먼 코언은 과학자들이 개인적이고 심지어 친밀한 관계를 발전시킬 필요가 있는 정도를 보여주었다.

reassurance

[ˌriːəˈʃʊrəns]

[명] 안심

[명] The act of calming someone's fears or doubts; A gesture or statement that makes someone feel secure or confident

Before the subjects ever enter the scanner, researchers provide them with {reassurance} and sympathy and share personal experiences, creating a subjective alliance between researcher and subject.

피실험자들이 스캐너에 들어가기 전에, 연구자들은 그들에게 안심과 동정을 제공하고 개인적인 경험을 공유하여 연구자와 피실험자 간의 주관적인 동맹을 형성한다.

relationship

[rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp]

[명] 관계

[명] connection, association, relations

[명] The way in which two or more people or things are connected; A bond or connection between individuals

Working with neuroscientists who use neuroimaging to understand how the human brain works, anthropologist Simon Cohn has shown the extent to which scientists need to develop personal, even intimate, {relationships} with their subjects in order to secure their cooperation.

신경영상 기술을 사용하여 인간의 뇌가 어떻게 작동하는지 이해하는 신경과학자들과 협력하면서, 인류학자 사이먼 코언은 과학자들이 개인적이고 심지어 친밀한 관계를 발전시킬 필요가 있는 정도를 보여주었다.

intimate

[ˈɪntɪmət]

[형] 친밀한

[형] close, bosom, dear
[명] close friend, friend, best friend
[동] announce, suggest, state

[형] distant, formal, public
[명] stranger

[형] Having a close and personal relationship; Characterized by warmth and affection between people
[명] A very close friend who shares personal feelings; A trusted friend who understands you well
[동] To make something known in a subtle way; To suggest something indirectly

Working with neuroscientists who use neuroimaging to understand how the human brain works, anthropologist Simon Cohn has shown the extent to which scientists need to develop personal, even {intimate}, relationships with their subjects in order to secure their cooperation.

신경영상 기술을 사용하여 인간의 뇌가 어떻게 작동하는지 이해하는 신경과학자들과 협력하면서, 인류학자 사이먼 코언은 과학자들이 개인적이고 심지어 친밀한 관계를 발전시킬 필요가 있는 정도를 보여주었다.

enlist

[ɪnˈlɪst]

[동] 모집하다

[동] join up, join, enrol in

[동] leave, discharge, spurn

[동] To join the military voluntarily; To seek help or support from others

Only by {enlisting} subjects in a social relationship, even if briefly, do the researchers feel they can depend on the subjects to follow directions to the best of their ability.

과학자들은 피실험자를 짧게라도 사회적 관계에 모집해야만 그들이 피실험자가 최대한 능력에 맞춰 지시사항을 따를 것이라고 의존할 수 있다고 느낀다.

sympathy

[ˈsɪmpəθi]

[명] 동정

[명] commiseration, compassion, concern

[명] indifference, hostility, opposition

[명] A feeling of pity for someone who is suffering; The ability to understand and share the feelings of another

Before the subjects ever enter the scanner, researchers provide them with reassurance and {sympathy} and share personal experiences, creating a subjective alliance between researcher and subject.

피실험자들이 스캐너에 들어가기 전에, 연구자들은 그들에게 안심과 동정을 제공하고 개인적인 경험을 공유하여 연구자와 피실험자 간의 주관적인 동맹을 형성한다.

anthropologist

[ˌænθrəˈpɑːlədʒɪst]

[명] 인류학자

[명] A person who studies human societies and cultures; An individual who specializes in anthropology

Working with neuroscientists who use neuroimaging to understand how the human brain works, {anthropologist} Simon Cohn has shown the extent to which scientists need to develop personal, even intimate, relationships with their subjects in order to secure their cooperation.

신경영상 기술을 사용하여 인간의 뇌가 어떻게 작동하는지 이해하는 신경과학자들과 협력하면서, 인류학자 사이먼 코언은 과학자들이 개인적이고 심지어 친밀한 관계를 발전시킬 필요가 있는 정도를 보여주었다.

depend

[dipénd]

[동] 의존하다

[동] be contingent on, be conditional on, be dependent on

[동] To be controlled or influenced by something; To rely on someone or something for support

Only by enlisting subjects in a social relationship, even if briefly, do the researchers feel they can {depend} on the subjects to follow directions to the best of their ability.

과학자들은 피실험자를 짧게라도 사회적 관계에 모집해야만 그들이 피실험자가 최대한 능력에 맞춰 지시사항을 따를 것이라고 의존할 수 있다고 느낀다.

stimulus

[ˈstɪmjələs]

[명] 자극

[명] spur, incentive, stimulant

[명] deterrent, discouragement

[명] An event or object that triggers a response in an organism; Something that motivates or encourages action or behavior

Although these tactics might influence the specific subjective experiences revealed in the scanner, they are carefully eliminated from the experimental reports so that only the signals from subjects' brains in response to {stimuli} in the scanner come to light.

이러한 전술이 스캐너에서 드러나는 특정 주관적 경험에 영향을 미칠 수 있지만, 실험 보고서에서 신중하게 제거되어 스캐너에서 자극에 반응하여 피실험자의 뇌에서 나오는 신호만이 드러난다.

strapped

[stræpt]

[형] 묶인

[형] Having little to no money available; Being in a difficult financial situation

{Strapped} down uncomfortably in a dark, noisy scanner, subjects must nonetheless pay attention and follow directions in order to produce data the researchers can use.

어두운 시끄러운 스캐너에 불편하게 묶인 피실험자들은 그럼에도 불구하고 주의 깊게 지시사항을 따르고 연구자들이 사용할 수 있는 데이터를 생성해야 한다.

uncomfortably

[ʌnˈkʌmfərtəbli]

[부] 불편하게

[부] In a way that leads to discomfort or annoyance; Causing feelings of unease or awkwardness

Strapped down {uncomfortably} in a dark, noisy scanner, subjects must nonetheless pay attention and follow directions in order to produce data the researchers can use.

어두운 시끄러운 스캐너에 불편하게 묶인 피실험자들은 그럼에도 불구하고 주의 깊게 지시사항을 따르고 연구자들이 사용할 수 있는 데이터를 생성해야 한다.

direction

[dəˈrekʃn]

[명] 지시사항

[명] way, path, route

[명] The way or course in which someone or something moves; Guidance or supervision over actions or behavior

Only by enlisting subjects in a social relationship, even if briefly, do the researchers feel they can depend on the subjects to follow {directions} to the best of their ability.

과학자들은 피실험자를 짧게라도 사회적 관계에 모집해야만 그들이 피실험자가 최대한 능력에 맞춰 지시사항을 따를 것이라고 의존할 수 있다고 느낀다.

incorporate

[ɪnˈkɔːrpəreɪt]

[동] 포함하다

[동] absorb, include, contain

[동] separate

[동] To include something as part of a whole; To blend one thing into another to create a unified form
[형] Having a physical or bodily form; Related to a legal corporation

In one type of affective scaffolding, one can 'experientially {incorporate} parts of the world' in the sense that when one undergoes certain moods, one experiences certain aspects of the world as part of oneself.

하나의 정서적 지지 유형에서, 사람은 '경험적으로 세상의 일부를 포함할 수' 있으며, 특정 기분을 겪을 때 세상의 특정 측면을 자신의 일부로 경험한다.

attuned

[əˈtuːnd]

[형] 조화된

[형] accustomed, adjusted, coordinated

[형] Sensitive and responsive to the needs of others; Able to understand and react to certain situations

Because we are {attuned} to the world by being-in-a-mood, the world is disclosed to us through our moods but it also influences these moods.

우리가 기분에 의해 세상과 조화되어 있기 때문에, 세상은 우리의 기분을 통해 드러나지만, 또한 이러한 기분에 영향을 미친다.

undergo

[ˌʌndərˈɡoʊ]

[동] 겪다

[동] go through, experience, engage in

[동] To experience something, often something difficult; To pass through a process or change

In one type of affective scaffolding, one can 'experientially incorporate parts of the world' in the sense that when one {undergoes} certain moods, one experiences certain aspects of the world as part of oneself.

하나의 정서적 지지 유형에서, 사람은 '경험적으로 세상의 일부를 포함할 수' 있으며, 특정 기분을 겪을 때 세상의 특정 측면을 자신의 일부로 경험한다.

matter

[ˈmætə(r)]

[동] 중요하다

[명] material, situation, substance
[동] make any difference, be important, make a difference

[명] A physical substance that has mass and occupies space; A topic or subject that is being discussed or considered
[동] To be of importance or significance; To be relevant to a situation

The boundaries between ourselves and the external world seem to disappear such that the mood one is in determines which features of the environment will {matter} and in what way.

우리 자신과 외부 세계 사이의 경계는 사라지는 것처럼 보여, 사람이 처한 기분이 환경의 어떤 특성이 중요할지를 결정한다.

disclose

[dɪsˈkloʊz]

[동] 드러내다

[동] reveal, make known, tell

[동] conceal, keep secret, hide

[동] To make something known or revealed; To allow information to be seen or known by others

Because we are attuned to the world by being-in-a-mood, the world is {disclosed} to us through our moods but it also influences these moods.

우리가 기분에 의해 세상과 조화되어 있기 때문에, 세상은 우리의 기분을 통해 드러나지만, 또한 이러한 기분에 영향을 미친다.

presuppose

[ˌpriːsəˈpoʊz]

[동] 전제로 하다

[동] require, presume, necessitate

[동] To require something to be true for a statement to make sense; To assume something is true before evidence is presented

Such a state {presupposes} the absence of a distinction between what is out there and what is in here.

그러한 상태는 밖에 있는 것과 안에 있는 것 사이의 구별이 없음을 전제로 한다.

affective

[əˈfektɪv]

[형] 정서의

[형] Connected with feelings and emotions; Influencing or resulting from emotional states

This is relevant to the claim that mood is 'scaffolded' by the environment, where an interaction with the environment is necessary for the creation of {affective} states.

이는 기분이 환경에 의해 '지지받는다'는 주장과 관련이 있으며, 정서적 상태의 창조를 위해 환경과의 상호작용이 필요하다.

interaction

[ìntərǽkʃən]

[명] 상호작용

[명] The action that occurs when two or more things affect each other; A situation where people or things communicate or engage with one another

This is relevant to the claim that mood is 'scaffolded' by the environment, where an {interaction} with the environment is necessary for the creation of affective states.

이는 기분이 환경에 의해 '지지받는다'는 주장과 관련이 있으며, 정서적 상태의 창조를 위해 환경과의 상호작용이 필요하다.

scaffold

[ˈskæfoʊld]

[동] 지지하다

[명] A raised structure used for executing criminals in public; A temporary platform for workers to stand on while working at heights
[동] To put up a structure to support workers and materials during construction; To install temporary support around a building for safety and accessibility

This is relevant to the claim that mood is {'scaffolded'} by the environment, where an interaction with the environment is necessary for the creation of affective states.

이는 기분이 환경에 의해 '지지받는다'는 주장과 관련이 있으며, 정서적 상태의 창조를 위해 환경과의 상호작용이 필요하다.

dependent

[dɪˈpendənt]

[형] 의존하는

[형] conditional on, reliant, contingent on

[형] independent

[형] Relying on someone or something else for support; Determined or influenced by another factor
[명] A person who relies on someone else for support; Someone who is supported by another for their basic needs

In this case, the way that the world appears is directly {dependent} upon the way we are attuned to it through mood.

이 경우, 세상이 나타나는 방식은 우리가 기분을 통해 그것에 조화된 방식에 직접 의존한다.

distinction

[dɪˈstɪŋkʃn]

[명] 구별

[명] difference, contrast, dissimilarity

[명] similarity, mediocrity

[명] A difference or contrast between similar things or people; The quality that makes someone or something stand out

Such a state presupposes the absence of a {distinction} between what is out there and what is in here.

그러한 상태는 밖에 있는 것과 안에 있는 것 사이의 구별이 없음을 전제로 한다.

claim

[kleɪm]

[명] 주장

[동] assert, argue, declare
[명] assertion, allegation, declaration

[동] To state something is true without proof; To assert ownership over something
[명] A statement that something is true, even if others may disagree; An official assertion of ownership over something

This is relevant to the {claim} that mood is 'scaffolded' by the environment, where an interaction with the environment is necessary for the creation of affective states.

이는 기분이 환경에 의해 '지지받는다'는 주장과 관련이 있으며, 정서적 상태의 창조를 위해 환경과의 상호작용이 필요하다.

melancholic

[ˌmelənˈkɑːlɪk]

[형] 우울한

[형] Feeling or showing deep sadness or sorrow; Characterized by a serious and reflective sadness
[명] A person who often feels sad or depressed; Someone who has a tendency to experience deep sadness
[형/명] Feeling a deep sadness or sorrow; Expressing or showing a gloomy mood

To give an example 'when I am {melancholic} it is not just that I feel as though the world is grey. Rather, when I am melancholic the world is grey.'

'예를 들어, 내가 우울할 때, 세상이 회색인 것처럼 느끼는 것뿐만 아니라, 내가 우울할 때 세상은 회색이다.'

relevant

[ˈreləvənt]

[형] 관련된

[형] pertinent, significant, applicable

[형] irrelevant

[형] Closely connected or appropriate to the current topic or situation; Having a meaningful relationship with the matter being discussed
[부] In a way that relates to the matter at hand; In a manner that is connected to the topic

This is {relevant} to the claim that mood is 'scaffolded' by the environment, where an interaction with the environment is necessary for the creation of affective states.

이는 기분이 환경에 의해 '지지받는다'는 주장과 관련이 있으며, 정서적 상태의 창조를 위해 환경과의 상호작용이 필요하다.

boundary

[ˈbaʊndri]

[명] 경계

[명] border, frontier, edge

[명] A line that marks the limits of an area; An indicator that defines the extent of something

The {boundaries} between ourselves and the external world seem to disappear such that the mood one is in determines which features of the environment will matter and in what way.

우리 자신과 외부 세계 사이의 경계는 사라지는 것처럼 보여, 사람이 처한 기분이 환경의 어떤 특성이 중요할지를 결정한다.

environment

[ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt]

[명] 환경

[명] habitat, surroundings, setting

[명] The surroundings where a person or organism lives; The conditions that affect the growth of living things

This is relevant to the claim that mood is 'scaffolded' by the {environment}, where an interaction with the environment is necessary for the creation of affective states.

이는 기분이 환경에 의해 '지지받는다'는 주장과 관련이 있으며, 정서적 상태의 창조를 위해 환경과의 상호작용이 필요하다.

determine

[dɪˈtɜːrmɪn]

[동] 결정하다

[동] control, affect, shape

[동] To decide something after careful consideration; To find out something through examination or investigation

The boundaries between ourselves and the external world seem to disappear such that the mood one is in {determines} which features of the environment will matter and in what way.

우리 자신과 외부 세계 사이의 경계는 사라지는 것처럼 보여, 사람이 처한 기분이 환경의 어떤 특성이 중요할지를 결정한다.

aspect

[ˈæspekt]

[명] 측면

[명] feature, side, facet

[명] A specific part or feature of something; A way of looking at or thinking about something
[동] To form a certain appearance or side of something; To have a specific view or feature

In one type of affective scaffolding, one can 'experientially incorporate parts of the world' in the sense that when one undergoes certain moods, one experiences certain {aspects} of the world as part of oneself.

하나의 정서적 지지 유형에서, 사람은 '경험적으로 세상의 일부를 포함할 수' 있으며, 특정 기분을 겪을 때 세상의 특정 측면을 자신의 일부로 경험한다.

realm

[relm]

[명] 영역

[명] kingdom, field, sovereign state

[명] A kingdom ruled by a monarch; An area of interest or activity

It is not a {realm} of mere particularity; it harbours its own universals.

그것은 단순한 특수성의 영역이 아니며, 고유한 보편성을 품고 있다.

universal

[ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsl]

[명] 보편적 원리

[형] general, widespread, ubiquitous

[형] particular, restricted, local

[형] Relating to everyone or everything in a group or the world; Applicable to all cases without any exceptions
[명] A concept applicable to all cases or instances; A quality that is shared universally

It is not a realm of mere particularity; it harbours its own {universals.}

그것은 단순한 특수성의 영역이 아니며, 고유한 보편성을 품고 있다.

bearer

[ˈberə(r)]

[명] 지지자

[명] carrier, agent, porter

[명] A person or thing that carries or holds something; One who carries or sustains something

As Habermas explains, 'the public sphere has a complementary relation to this private sphere, from which the public, as the {bearers} of the public sphere, is recruited'.

하버마스가 설명하듯이, '공적 영역은 이 사적인 영역과 보완적인 관계를 가지며, 공적은 공적 영역의 지지자로서 모집된다.'

sphere

[sfɪr]

[명] 영역

[명] globe, ball, orb

[명] A round solid object where every point on the surface is the same distance from the center; An area or field of activity or interest
[동] To enclose something within a spherical shape; To position an object in a rounded form

According to philosopher Habermas, the public {sphere} is 'the sphere of private people come together as a public'.

철학자 하버마스에 따르면, 공적 영역은 '사적인 사람들이 모여 공적이 되는 영역'이다.

private

[ˈpraɪvət]

[형] 사적인

[형] personal, nonpublic, one's own
[명] private soldier, enlisted man, common soldier

[형] public, open, busy

[형] Belonging to only one person or specific group; Not open to or shared with the public
[명] A soldier with the lowest rank in the army; An enlisted individual in the military that holds a basic rank

Habermas's basic praise of the {private} sphere contradicts that of the ancients.

하버마스의 사적인 영역에 대한 기본적인 칭찬은 고대의 칭찬과 모순된다.

will - formation

[명] 의지 형성

This involves self-confidence, critical faculties, opinion- and {will-formation}, and so on.

이는 자신감, 비판적 능력, 의견 및 의지 형성 등을 포함한다.

philosopher

[fəˈlɑːsəfə(r)]

[명] 철학자

[명] thinker, theorist, theorizer

[명] A person who studies and teaches philosophy; Someone who seeks wisdom and understanding about life

According to {philosopher} Habermas, the public sphere is 'the sphere of private people come together as a public'.

철학자 하버마스에 따르면, 공적 영역은 '사적인 사람들이 모여 공적이 되는 영역'이다.

lifeworld

[명] 삶의 세계

It is the {lifeworld} out of which the public sphere is generated, enabling defects in the economic and political systems to be confronted.

공적 영역이 생성되는 삶의 세계이며, 경제 및 정치 시스템의 결함을 직면할 수 있게 한다.

complementary

[ˌkɑːmplɪˈmentri]

[형] 보완적인

[형] harmonizing, matching, harmonious

[형] incompatible, contrasting

[형] Describing things that enhance or improve each other; Referring to two elements that complete each other
[명] A color that enhances another when paired together; Something that completes or goes well with something else

As Habermas explains, 'the public sphere has a {complementary} relation to this private sphere, from which the public, as the bearers of the public sphere, is recruited'.

하버마스가 설명하듯이, '공적 영역은 이 사적인 영역과 보완적인 관계를 가지며, 공적은 공적 영역의 지지자로서 모집된다.'

self - confidence

[명] 자신감

This involves {self-confidence}, critical faculties, opinion- and will-formation, and so on.

이는 자신감, 비판적 능력, 의견 및 의지 형성 등을 포함한다.

opinion

[əˈpɪnjən]

[명] 의견

[명] belief, judgement, feeling

[명] A belief or judgment formed about something that may not be based on facts; A personal view or interpretation regarding a topic or issue

This involves self-confidence, critical faculties, {opinion}- and will-formation, and so on.

이는 자신감, 비판적 능력, 의견 및 의지 형성 등을 포함한다.

contradict

[ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪkt]

[동] 모순되다

[동] deny, dispute, refute

[동] confirm, verify, agree with

[동] To deny the truth of something by stating the opposite; To assert the opposite of what someone else has said

Habermas's basic praise of the private sphere {contradicts} that of the ancients.

하버마스의 사적인 영역에 대한 기본적인 칭찬은 고대의 칭찬과 모순된다.

ancient

[ˈeɪnʃənt]

[형] 고대의

[형] of long ago, classical, earliest

[형] recent, up-to-date, contemporary

[형] Belonging to a time long ago; Existing for many years or centuries
[명] A person from a long time ago, especially from classical civilizations; Someone who lived during ancient history

Habermas's basic praise of the private sphere contradicts that of the {ancients.}

하버마스의 사적인 영역에 대한 기본적인 칭찬은 고대의 칭찬과 모순된다.

harbour

[ˈhɑːrbə(r)]

[동] 품다

[명] port, dock, haven
[동] shelter, hold, conceal

[동] hand over

[명] A location along the coast where ships can dock safely; A sheltered area that protects ships from rough waters
[동] To keep something in your mind, especially as a secret; To provide shelter or protection to someone or something

It is not a realm of mere particularity; it {harbours} its own universals.

그것은 단순한 특수성의 영역이 아니며, 고유한 보편성을 품고 있다.

conception

[kənˈsepʃn]

[명] 개념

[명] inception of pregnancy, understanding, conceiving

[명] The act of forming an idea or plan; The process of becoming pregnant

It is in the private sphere, especially the privacy of one's own home, that one is able to find one's very identity, to achieve existential meaning and a personal {conception} of the good.

사적인 영역, 특히 자신의 집의 사적인 공간에서 사람은 자신의 정체성을 찾고 존재론적인 의미와 선에 대한 개인적인 개념을 달성할 수 있다.

consciousness

[ˈkɑːnʃəsnəs]

[명] 의식

[명] awareness, wakefulness, understanding

[명] unconsciousness

[명] The state of being aware of what is happening around you; Awareness of one's own thoughts and feelings

Habermas pictures the private sphere as the waiting room in which people develop the {consciousness} that enables them to step out in public.

하버마스는 사적인 영역을 사람들이 공적으로 나설 수 있는 의식을 발전시키는 대기실로 묘사한다.

relation

[rɪˈleɪʃn]

[명] 관계

[명] connection, similarity, dealings

[명] The way in which two or more people or things are connected; A connection between two or more individuals or groups

As Habermas explains, 'the public sphere has a complementary {relation} to this private sphere, from which the public, as the bearers of the public sphere, is recruited'.

하버마스가 설명하듯이, '공적 영역은 이 사적인 영역과 보완적인 관계를 가지며, 공적은 공적 영역의 지지자로서 모집된다.'

particularity

[pərˈtɪkjuˈlærəti]

[명] 특수성

[명] individuality, distinctiveness, uniqueness

[명] The quality that makes something unique or different; A small detail that is important for understanding

It is not a realm of mere {particularity}; it harbours its own universals.

그것은 단순한 특수성의 영역이 아니며, 고유한 보편성을 품고 있다.

praise

[preɪz]

[동] 칭찬하다

[명] approval, credit, acclaim
[동] commend, acclaim, congratulate

[명] criticism
[동] criticize, condemn

[명] The act of expressing approval or admiration for someone or something; Words spoken or written that highlight the positive qualities of someone or something
[동] To express approval or admiration for someone or something; To speak highly of someone to show respect and appreciation

Habermas's basic {praise} of the private sphere contradicts that of the ancients.

하버마스의 사적인 영역에 대한 기본적인 칭찬은 고대의 칭찬과 모순된다.

articulate

[형] [ɑːrˈtɪkjələt], [동] [ɑːrˈtɪkjuleɪt]

[동] 뚜렷이 표현하다

[형] eloquent, expressive, fluent
[동] express, give expression to, say

[형] inarticulate, incoherent, hesitant
[동] bottle up

[형] Able to express thoughts clearly and effectively; Showing the ability to speak fluently and coherently
[동] To pronounce words clearly and distinctly; To express thoughts in a clear and effective way
[명] A type of invertebrate animal that has a segmented body structure; An organism belonging to the subkingdom Articulata

It is crafted not only from the lived experience of individuals but also from borrowed forms and ideas that help individuals understand and {articulate} their experience in new ways.

그것은 개인의 삶의 경험뿐만 아니라 사람들에게 그들의 경험을 새롭게 이해하고 표현하도록 돕는 빌린 형태와 생각에서도 제작된다.

view

[vjuː]

[명] 관점

[명] outlook, opinion, prospect
[동] look at, regard, gaze at

[명] The ability to see or the visual perception of an area; A sight or scene, especially of natural beauty
[동] To look at something carefully or attentively; To observe or inspect something with interest

There is a {view} of culture that rejects the idea that culture can be owned.

문화에 대한 관점은 문화를 소유할 수 있다는 생각을 거부한다.

exemplify

[ɪɡˈzemplɪfaɪ]

[동] 예를 들어 보이다

[동] typify, show, epitomize

[동] To serve as a clear example of something; To illustrate a concept by providing an example

This view is {exemplified} by Xuanzang, the Chinese traveler who went to India and brought back Buddhist manuscripts.

이 관점은 인도로 가서 불교 원고를 가져온 중국의 여행자 현장에 의해 예를 들어 보인다.

craft

[kræft]

[동] 제작하다

[명] vessel, skill, ship

[명] honesty, naivety

[명] A skillful activity that involves creating things by hand; The art of making objects with skill and creativity
[동] To skillfully create something by hand; To produce an item with great attention and expertise

It is {crafted} not only from the lived experience of individuals but also from borrowed forms and ideas that help individuals understand and articulate their experience in new ways.

그것은 개인의 삶의 경험뿐만 아니라 사람들에게 그들의 경험을 새롭게 이해하고 표현하도록 돕는 빌린 형태와 생각에서도 제작된다.

evolve

[iˈvɑːlv]

[동] 발전하다

[동] develop, progress, metamorphose

[동] To develop gradually over time; To change or develop through a process

They understood instinctively that culture {evolves} through circulation; they knew that false ideas of property and ownership impose limits and constraints.

그들은 문화가 유통을 통해 발전한다는 것을 본능적으로 이해했다.

circulation

[ˌsɜːrkjəˈleɪʃn]

[명] 유통

[명] flow, distribution, motion

[명] The movement of something around a certain area or system; A process that ensures something moves continuously from one place or person to another

They understood instinctively that culture evolves through {circulation}; they knew that false ideas of property and ownership impose limits and constraints.

그들은 문화가 유통을 통해 발전한다는 것을 본능적으로 이해했다.

reject

[동] [rɪˈdʒekt], [명] [ˈriːdʒekt]

[동] 거부하다

[동] turn down, disown, refuse
[명] substandard article, discard, second

[동] accept, welcome

[동] To dismiss something because it is not good enough; To refuse to accept or believe something
[명] A person or thing that is not accepted or considered good enough; Something that has been turned down or dismissed
[형] Describing something that is not accepted or approved; Referring to a situation where something is dismissed or turned down

There is a view of culture that {rejects} the idea that culture can be owned.

문화에 대한 관점은 문화를 소유할 수 있다는 생각을 거부한다.

embrace

[ɪmˈbreɪs]

[동] 받아들이다

[동] hug, take/hold in one's arms, hold
[명] hug, cuddle, hold

[동] reject, exclude

[동] To hold someone closely in your arms as a sign of affection; To accept someone or something willingly and enthusiastically
[명] An act of holding someone closely in one's arms as a sign of affection; The action of surrounding someone with your arms to show love

It was {embraced} by Arab and Persian scholars who translated Greek philosophy.

그것은 그리스 철학을 번역한 아랍과 페르시아 학자들에 의해 받아들여졌다.

scribe

[skraɪb]

[명] 서기

[명] clerk, secretary, copyist

[명] A person who copies documents by hand, especially before the invention of printing; An individual who is skilled in writing and often serves as a public secretary
[동] To write or make letters or symbols on a surface; To mark a line with a pointed tool

It was practiced by countless {scribes,} teachers, and artists who found inspiration far outside their local culture.

그것은 지역 문화를 넘어 영감을 찾은 수많은 서기, 교사, 예술가들에 의해 행해졌다.

manuscript

[ˈmænjuskrɪpt]

[명] 원고

[명] document, text, script

[명] publication, published work

[명] A handwritten document or piece of writing; An author's original text before it is published
[형] Describes text that is written by hand; Refers to documents typed manually rather than printed

This view is exemplified by Xuanzang, the Chinese traveler who went to India and brought back Buddhist {manuscripts.}

이 관점은 인도로 가서 불교 원고를 가져온 중국의 여행자 현장에 의해 예를 들어 보인다.

translate

[trænsˈleɪt]

[동] 번역하다

[동] interpret, render, put

[동] To express the meaning of words in a different language; To convert text from one language to another

It was embraced by Arab and Persian scholars who {translated} Greek philosophy.

그것은 그리스 철학을 번역한 아랍과 페르시아 학자들에 의해 받아들여졌다.

traveler

[trǽvələr]

[명] 여행자

[명] A person who goes from one place to another, especially for leisure; Someone who frequently journeys to different locations

This view is exemplified by Xuanzang, the Chinese {traveler} who went to India and brought back Buddhist manuscripts.

이 관점은 인도로 가서 불교 원고를 가져온 중국의 여행자 현장에 의해 예를 들어 보인다.

encounter

[ɪnˈkaʊntə(r)]

[동] 만나다

[동] meet, experience, meet by chance
[명] meeting, chance meeting, brush

[동] To unexpectedly meet or come across someone or something; To face or experience something, especially unexpectedly
[명] An unexpected meeting with someone or something; A sudden encounter with a person, often unplanned

Culture, for these figures, is made not only from the resources of one community but also from {encounters} with other cultures.

이 인물들에게 있어서 문화는 한 공동체의 자원뿐만 아니라 다른 문화와의 만남으로 만들어진다.

borrowed

[bɑ́roud]

[형] 빌린

[형] Taken from someone else for temporary use; Acquired from another source rather than created

It is crafted not only from the lived experience of individuals but also from {borrowed} forms and ideas that help individuals understand and articulate their experience in new ways.

그것은 개인의 삶의 경험뿐만 아니라 사람들에게 그들의 경험을 새롭게 이해하고 표현하도록 돕는 빌린 형태와 생각에서도 제작된다.

philosophy

[fəˈlɑːsəfi]

[명] 철학

[명] thinking, thought, reasoning

[명] The study of fundamental questions about existence and knowledge; A system of thought that explores the nature of reality and existence

It was embraced by Arab and Persian scholars who translated Greek {philosophy}.

그것은 그리스 철학을 번역한 아랍과 페르시아 학자들에 의해 받아들여졌다.

idea

[aɪˈdiːə]

[명] 생각

[명] concept, plan, thought

[명] A thought or suggestion about what to do; An understanding or mental impression of something

There is a view of culture that rejects the {idea} that culture can be owned.

문화에 대한 관점은 문화를 소유할 수 있다는 생각을 거부한다.

constraint

[kənˈstreɪnt]

[명] 제약

[명] restriction, limitation, curb

[명] openness

[명] A restriction or limitation on something; The act of limiting or controlling something

They knew that false ideas of property and ownership impose limits and {constraints,} leading to impoverished forms of expression.

그들은 재산과 소유권에 대한 잘못된 개념이 한계와 제약을 부과하여 표현의 빈곤한 형태로 이어진다는 것을 알았다.

inspiration

[ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃn]

[명] 영감

[명] stimulus, imagination, creativity

[명] deterrent

[명] The process of feeling motivated to create or do something; A sudden idea that encourages creativity

It was practiced by countless scribes, teachers, and artists who found {inspiration} far outside their local culture.

그것은 지역 문화를 넘어 영감을 찾은 수많은 서기, 교사, 예술가들에 의해 행해졌다.

reinforce

[ˌriːɪnˈfɔːrs]

[동] 강화하다

[동] strengthen, support, fortify

[동] To make something stronger by adding support or material; To provide additional strength or support to an existing structure or idea
[명] A material used to strengthen or support something; An addition that makes something stronger or more powerful

An expense that {reinforces} the honesty of a signal is its potential reputational cost.

신호의 정직성을 강화하는 비용은 잠재적인 명성 비용이다.

witness

[ˈwɪtnəs]

[명] 목격자

[명] observer, onlooker, looker-on
[동] see, observe, watch

[명] A person who sees something happen, especially a crime or accident; Someone who gives a formal statement about what they saw
[동] To see something happen or take place; To provide evidence or proof of something

The more {witnesses} of a signal, the higher the risk is for a dishonest signaller.

신호의 목격자가 많을수록 부정직한 신호자에게 더 큰 위험이 따른다.

risk

[rɪsk]

[명] 위험

[명] chance, danger, uncertainty
[동] endanger, stand a chance of, put at risk

[명] safety, impossibility

[명] A situation that involves the chance of harm or loss; The possibility of experiencing injury or damage
[동] To expose someone or something to danger or harm; To put someone in a situation where they could experience loss or damage

The more witnesses of a signal, the higher the {risk} is for a dishonest signaller.

신호의 목격자가 많을수록 부정직한 신호자에게 더 큰 위험이 따른다.

arrival

[əˈraɪvl]

[명] 도착

[명] coming, appearance, advent

[명] departure, demise

[명] The process of reaching a destination; The moment when someone or something arrives
[형] Relating to the act of coming to a place; Describing something that has just reached a destination

Interestingly, the {arrival} of digital communications (specifically targeted ads online), is limiting this reputational risk.

흥미롭게도, 디지털 통신(특히 온라인에서의 목표 설정 광고)의 도착은 이 명성 위험을 제한하고 있다.

reputational

[형] 명성의

[형] Related to the way a person or organization is seen by others; Concerned with the esteem or regard that one has

An expense that reinforces the honesty of a signal is its potential {reputational} cost.

신호의 정직성을 강화하는 비용은 잠재적인 명성 비용이다.

consider

[kənˈsɪdə(r)]

[동] 간주되다

[동] think about, think, contemplate

[동] ignore

[동] To think carefully about something before making a decision; To reflect on something seriously

For example, a signal might be {considered} costly when there's a greater risk that a dishonest signaller will receive a penalty as a result.

예를 들어, 신호는 부정직한 신호자가 처벌을 받을 위험이 더 클 때 비용이 많이 드는 것으로 간주될 수 있다.

targeting

[tɑ́:rɡitiŋ]

[명] 목표 설정

[명] The act of setting a specific goal or objective; The process of identifying and aiming for a particular audience or market

Writer Don Marti hypothesises that, in communications, {targeting} breaks signalling.

작가 돈 마르티는 통신에서 목표 설정이 신호 전달을 방해한다고 가정한다.

know

[noʊ]

[동] 알다

[동] be aware, have knowledge of, realize

[동] be unfamiliar with, be ignorant of

[동] To be aware of something through observation or experience; To hold information or understanding in one's mind
[명] The information or understanding one has; Awareness or familiarity gained through experience

To build trust, often it's not just about seeing the message, it's {knowing} that other people have seen it too.

신뢰를 구축하기 위해서는 종종 메시지를 보는 것만으로는 부족하고, 다른 사람들도 그것을 보았다는 것을 아는 것이 중요하다.

advertisement

[ˌædvərˈtaɪzmənt]

[명] 광고

[명] notice, advert, publicity

[명] A public announcement promoting a product, service, or event; A notice designed to attract attention and persuade people

This means that when you see an {advertisement} that's targeting you alone, it's more like a cold call than a public message.

이것은 당신만을 목표로 하는 광고를 볼 때, 그것이 공공 메시지보다 차가운 전화와 더 닮았다는 것을 의미한다.

trust

[trʌst]

[명] 신뢰

[명] confidence, belief, faith
[동] have faith in, depend on/upon sb/sth, put/place one's trust in

[명] distrust, mistrust, scepticism
[동] distrust, mistrust, doubt

[명] A strong belief in the honesty or reliability of someone or something; The confidence that someone will act in a good way
[동] To believe in someone or something's reliability; To place confidence in a person's honesty or abilities
[형] Relating to a legal arrangement where one party holds property for the benefit of another; Of or pertaining to a trust agreement or trust fund

To build {trust}, often it's not just about seeing the message, it's knowing that other people have seen it too.

신뢰를 구축하기 위해서는 종종 메시지를 보는 것만으로는 부족하고, 다른 사람들도 그것을 보았다는 것을 아는 것이 중요하다.

expense

[ɪkˈspens]

[명] 비용

[명] cost, price, charge

[명] The total cost needed to purchase or maintain something; An amount of money spent for a particular purpose
[동] To record a cost as part of an expense account; To charge an amount to a specific expense category

An {expense} that reinforces the honesty of a signal is its potential reputational cost.

신호의 정직성을 강화하는 비용은 잠재적인 명성 비용이다.

success

[səkˈses]

[명] 성공

[명] favourable outcome, victory, hit

[명] failure, flop, poverty

[명] The achievement of a goal or purpose; The gaining of fame, wealth, or respect

It's maybe no surprise that deceptive sellers have far more {success} online than through more public communication channels.

기만적인 판매자가 더 공개적인 통신 경로보다 온라인에서 훨씬 더 많은 성공을 거두는 것은 아마 놀라운 일이 아닐 것이다.

honesty

[ˈɑːnəsti]

[명] 정직

[명] moral correctness, integrity, uprightness

[명] dishonesty, insincerity

[명] The quality of being truthful and sincere; The state of being fair and just in dealings

An expense that reinforces the {honesty} of a signal is its potential reputational cost.

신호의 정직성을 강화하는 비용은 잠재적인 명성 비용이다.

powerful

[ˈpaʊərfl]

[형] 강력한

[형] strong, influential, dominant

[형] weak, powerless, gentle

[형] Having a strong ability to influence or control people or events; Possessing a great amount of strength or energy
[부] To a great degree or extent; In a strong or intense manner

The most {powerful} signals in nature aren't directed one-to-one.

자연에서 가장 강력한 신호는 일대일로 전달되지 않는다.

credible

[ˈkredəbl]

[형] 신뢰할 수 있는

[형] believable, plausible, possible

[형] unbelievable, untrustworthy, unreliable

[형] Able to be believed or accepted as true; Something that is convincing and reasonable to trust

It doesn't carry the same {credible} information about the seller's intentions because it's free of reputational cost.

그것은 명성 비용이 없기 때문에 판매자의 의도에 대한 동일한 신뢰할 수 있는 정보를 전달하지 않는다.

penalty

[ˈpenəlti]

[명] 처벌

[명] punishment, sanction, price

[명] reward, advantage

[명] A punishment given for violating a rule or law; A consequence or disadvantage due to an action

For example, a signal might be considered costly when there's a greater risk that a dishonest signaller will receive a {penalty} as a result.

예를 들어, 신호는 부정직한 신호자가 처벌을 받을 위험이 더 클 때 비용이 많이 드는 것으로 간주될 수 있다.

cost

[kɔːst]

[명] 비용

[명] price, expenses, asking price
[동] be priced at, sell at, be

[명] The amount of money that must be paid to buy or obtain something; The price that one must pay for a good or service
[동] To require money to be spent in order to obtain something; To result in a financial charge or expense

An expense that reinforces the honesty of a signal is its potential reputational {cost}.

신호의 정직성을 강화하는 비용은 잠재적인 명성 비용이다.

communication

[kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃn]

[명] 통신

[명] transmission, contact, connections

[명] The process of sharing information through speaking, writing, or other methods; An exchange of ideas or information between people

Interestingly, the arrival of digital {communications} (specifically targeted ads online), is limiting this reputational risk.

흥미롭게도, 디지털 통신(특히 온라인에서의 목표 설정 광고)의 도착은 이 명성 위험을 제한하고 있다.

breaks

[동] 깨다

[명] interruption, fracture, interval
[동] shatter, break, smash

[동] repair, mend, obey

Writer Don Marti hypothesises that, in communications, targeting {breaks} signalling.

작가 돈 마르티는 통신에서 목표 설정이 신호 전달을 방해한다고 가정한다.

deceptive

[dɪˈseptɪv]

[형] 기만적인

[형] misleading, illusory, false

[형] honest

[형] Causing someone to believe something false; Giving a false impression or appearance

It's maybe no surprise that {deceptive} sellers have far more success online than through more public communication channels.

기만적인 판매자가 더 공개적인 통신 경로보다 온라인에서 훨씬 더 많은 성공을 거두는 것은 아마 놀라운 일이 아닐 것이다.

tragedy

[ˈtrædʒədi]

[명] 비극

[명] disaster, calamity, catastrophe

[명] fortune, joy, comedy

[명] An event that causes significant suffering or distress; A serious situation that leads to great loss or hardship

When someone recounts their story of some {tragedy}, the other responds with 'I feel for you. That happened to me.'

누군가가 어떤 비극의 이야기를 할 때, 다른 사람은 '나는 당신을 이해합니다. 그 일이 나에게도 일어났습니다.'라고 응답한다.

overlap

[동] [ˌoʊvərˈlæp], [명] [ˈoʊvərlæp]

[동] 겹치다

[동] To extend over and partly cover something; To coincide in time with another event
[명] A part that covers or coincides with another part; An area or aspect that is shared between two or more things

The beliefs and desires that we take the other to hold may or may not {overlap} with our own.

우리가 다른 사람이 가지고 있다고 생각하는 신념과 욕망은 우리 자신의 것과 겹칠 수도 있고 겹치지 않을 수도 있다.

empathy

[ˈempəθi]

[명] 공감

[명] The ability to understand and share someone else's feelings; A deep understanding of another person's experiences and emotions

Such identification fails to count as {empathy} since it is not a genuine instance of sharing in the emotional response of the other.

이러한 동일시는 다른 사람의 감정적 반응을 공유하는 진정한 사례가 아니기 때문에 공감으로 간주되지 않는다.

remembered

[형] 기억된

[동] recall, remember, call to mind

[동] forget, overlook, neglect

It is merely one's own - imagined or {remembered} - emotional response.

그것은 단지 자신의 상상된 또는 기억된 감정적 반응일 뿐이다.

forgetting

[명] 잊음

[명] The act of failing to remember something; A state of being unable to recall information or experiences

To put this in other words, there is a {forgetting} that it is not you but the other who is in the situation.

다시 말하자면, 상황에 있는 것은 당신이 아니라 다른 사람이라는 것을 잊는 것이 있다.

circumstance

[ˈsɜːrkəmstæns]

[명] 상황

[명] condition, situation, scenario

[명] A condition related to an event or action; A fact or condition that affects another situation
[동] To place someone or something in a specific situation or context; To provide details about a situation or condition

We attempt to consider what it is to experience such {circumstances} with a particular set of beliefs and desires.

우리는 특정한 신념과 욕망을 가지고 그러한 상황을 경험하는 것이 무엇인지 고려하려고 한다.

instance

[ˈɪnstəns]

[명] 사례

[명] example, occasion, case
[동] cite, name, quote

[명] An example or a particular case that illustrates a concept; A single occurrence or event in a series
[동] To mention something as an example; To refer to a particular case or situation

Such identification fails to count as empathy since it is not a genuine {instance} of sharing in the emotional response of the other.

이러한 동일시는 다른 사람의 감정적 반응을 공유하는 진정한 사례가 아니기 때문에 공감으로 간주되지 않는다.

appreciate

[əˈpriːʃieɪt]

[동] 이해하다, 감상하다

[동] be grateful for, enjoy, value

[동] disparage, scorn, be unaware of

[동] To recognize the value or importance of something; To be thankful for what someone has done

What happens in the case of empathy is an attempt to {appreciate} a situation from another's point of view.

공감의 경우에 일어나는 것은 다른 사람의 관점에서 상황을 이해하려는 시도이다.

identification

[aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃn]

[명] 동일시

[명] recognition, discovery, singling out

[명] The process of recognizing or establishing who someone is; An act of proving the identity of a person or thing

Through {identification}, the object of the emotional response shifts from the other person to oneself.

동일시를 통해 감정적 반응의 대상이 다른 사람에서 자신으로 이동한다.

desire

[dɪˈzaɪə(r)]

[명] 욕망

[동] wish for, want, long for
[명] wish, need, want

[동] To strongly wish for something; To have a yearning or longing for something
[명] A strong feeling of wanting to have or achieve something; The longing for something that one wishes to possess

We attempt to consider what it is to experience such circumstances with a particular set of beliefs and {desires} that we take the other to hold.

우리는 특정한 신념과 욕망을 가지고 그러한 상황을 경험하는 것이 무엇인지 고려하려고 한다.

imagined

[형] 상상한

[동] visualize, envisage, imagine

[동] doubt

It is merely one's own - {imagined} or remembered - emotional response.

그것은 단지 자신의 상상된 또는 기억된 감정적 반응일 뿐이다.

recount

[rɪˈkaʊnt]

[동] 이야기하다, 다시 이야기하다

[동] tell, relate, report

[동] To tell someone about an event or experience; To count something again to verify the results
[명] The act of counting again, especially in an election; A second count of votes that were very close in a contest

When someone {recounts} their story of some tragedy, the other responds with 'I feel for you. That happened to me.'

누군가가 어떤 비극의 이야기를 할 때, 다른 사람은 '나는 당신을 이해합니다. 그 일이 나에게도 일어났습니다.'라고 응답한다.

projection

[prəˈdʒekʃn]

[명] 투사

[명] estimate, forecast, prediction

[명] A forecast of future events based on current trends; An image displayed on a surface, like a movie screen

It is merely one's own - imagined or remembered - emotional response, but is a simple {projection} of the self onto the other.

그것은 단지 자신의 상상된 또는 기억된 감정적 반응일 뿐이며, 타인에게 자신의 것을 투사하는 단순한 것이다.

genuine

[ˈdʒenjuɪn]

[형] 진정한

[형] authentic, real, actual

[형] bogus, counterfeit, fake

[형] Truly real or authentic without any pretense; Not a copy; original or authentic

Such identification fails to count as empathy since it is not a {genuine} instance of sharing in the emotional response of the other.

이러한 동일시는 다른 사람의 감정적 반응을 공유하는 진정한 사례가 아니기 때문에 공감으로 간주되지 않는다.

respond

[rɪˈspɑːnd]

[동] 응답하다

[동] answer, react, reply to

[동] ask, remain silent, ignore

[동] To give an answer to something; To say or do something in reaction
[명] A half-pillar attached to a wall that supports an arch; An engaged pillar that strengthens an arch

When someone recounts their story of some tragedy, the other {responds} with 'I feel for you. That happened to me.'

누군가가 어떤 비극의 이야기를 할 때, 다른 사람은 '나는 당신을 이해합니다. 그 일이 나에게도 일어났습니다.'라고 응답한다.

existence

[ɪɡˈzɪstəns]

[명] 존재

[명] actuality, reality, being

[명] non-existence

[명] The state of living or being real; The fact of having presence or reality

The struggle for {existence} has forced species to become specialists and not generalists.

존재를 위한 투쟁은 종들이 일반인이 아닌 전문가가 되도록 강요했다.

perform

[pərˈfɔːrm]

[동] 수행하다

[동] carry out, do, achieve

[동] neglect, omit

[동] To carry out or complete a task or action; To do something according to a specific set of guidelines

Diurnal and nocturnal species have evolved numerous specializations that have allowed them to {perform} best under the different conditions of light or dark.

주행성과 야행성 종들은 빛이나 어둠의 다른 조건에서 최적의 성능을 발휘할 수 있도록 수많은 전문화를 진화시켰다.

rest

[rest]

[명] 휴식

[명] repose, remainder, sleep
[동] relax, remain, continue being

[명] work
[동] work, keep going

[명] A period of relaxation or sleep after work or activity; The part of something that remains after the rest is taken away
[동] To stop working or doing an activity to relax; To lie down in a comfortable position for sleep

Almost all life shows a 24-hour pattern of activity and {rest}, even bacteria.

거의 모든 생명체는 박테리아를 포함해 24시간 활동 및 휴식 패턴을 보인다.

evolutionary

[ˌiːvəˈluːʃəneri]

[형] 진화의

[형] Relating to the gradual change and development of living organisms; Concerning the process of evolution in biology

Life seems to have made an {evolutionary} 'decision' to be active at a specific part of the day/night cycle.

생명체는 하루/밤 주기의 특정 부분에서 활동하기 위해 진화적 '결정'을 내린 것으로 보인다.

specialist

[ˈspeʃəlɪst]

[명] 전문가

[명] expert, authority, pundit

[명] generalist, amateur, dunce

[명] A person focused on a specific area of study or activity; Someone with advanced knowledge in a particular field
[형] Having deep knowledge in a specific area or field; Focused on a narrow subject or specialty

The struggle for existence has forced species to become {specialists} and not generalists.

존재를 위한 투쟁은 종들이 일반인이 아닌 전문가가 되도록 강요했다.

effective

[ɪˈfektɪv]

[형] 효과적인

[형] successful, efficient, effectual

[형] ineffective, incompetent, weak

[형] Successful in achieving a desired outcome; Capable of producing a meaningful result
[명] A soldier who is ready and able to serve; A military personnel who is fit for duty

As a result, those species that are specialized to be active during the day will not be particularly {effective} at night.

그 결과, 낮에 활동하도록 전문화된 종들은 밤에는 특히 효과적이지 않을 것이다.

pattern

[ˈpætərn]

[명] 패턴

[명] design, order, cycle
[동] shape, influence, form

[명] A repeated decorative design; A regular arrangement of shapes or lines
[동] To create a design that repeats; To shape something based on a specific example

Almost all life shows a 24-hour {pattern} of activity and rest, even bacteria.

거의 모든 생명체는 박테리아를 포함해 24시간 활동 및 휴식 패턴을 보인다.

rhythm

[ˈrɪðəm]

[명] 리듬

[명] beat, time, cadence

[명] A strong and regular repeated pattern in music or movement; The ordered flow of sounds and silences in speech or music

It seems very likely that this {rhythm} evolved as a result of living on a planet that rotates once every 24 hours.

이 리듬은 24시간마다 한 번 회전하는 행성에서 살아남은 결과로 진화했을 가능성이 매우 높다.

generalist

[ˈdʒenrəlɪst]

[명] 일반인

[명] A person skilled in many different areas or fields; Someone who has a diverse range of interests and abilities

The struggle for existence has forced species to become specialists and not {generalists.}

존재를 위한 투쟁은 종들이 일반인이 아닌 전문가가 되도록 강요했다.

condition

[kənˈdɪʃn]

[명] 조건

[명] state, circumstances, requirement
[동] constrain, train, control

[명] The state of something in terms of its quality or working order; A situation or factor that is necessary for something to happen
[동] To influence or determine something in a significant way; To train someone to behave in a specific manner through repeated experiences

Diurnal and nocturnal species have evolved numerous specializations that have allowed them to perform best under the different {conditions} of light or dark.

주행성과 야행성 종들은 빛이나 어둠의 다른 조건에서 최적의 성능을 발휘할 수 있도록 수많은 전문화를 진화시켰다.

specialization

[spèʃəlizéiʃən]

[명] 전문화

[명] The act of focusing on a specific area of study or skill; A process that involves becoming an expert in a particular subject

Diurnal and nocturnal species have evolved numerous {specializations} that have allowed them to perform best under the different conditions of light or dark.

주행성과 야행성 종들은 빛이나 어둠의 다른 조건에서 최적의 성능을 발휘할 수 있도록 수많은 전문화를 진화시켰다.

result

[rɪˈzʌlt]

[명] 결과

[명] consequence, outcome, effect
[동] follow, arise, ensue

[명] cause
[동] cause

[명] Something that happens as a consequence of a previous action or event; The outcome or effect of a process or operation
[동] To happen as a consequence of something; To occur due to certain actions or events

It seems very likely that this rhythm evolved as a {result} of living on a planet that rotates once every 24 hours.

이 리듬은 24시간마다 한 번 회전하는 행성에서 살아남은 결과로 진화했을 가능성이 매우 높다.

adaptive

[əˈdæptɪv]

[형] 적응하는

[형] Related to the ability to adjust to new conditions; Having the capacity for change in response to environmental demands

The resultant changes in light, temperature and food availability forced an {adaptive} evolutionary response.

빛, 온도 및 음식 가용성의 결과적 변화는 적응적인 진화 반응을 강요했다.

miserably

[ˈmɪzrəbli]

[부] 비참하게

[부] In a way that shows great unhappiness; In a sad or pitiful manner

Nocturnal animals that are perfectly adapted to move around and hunt under dim or no light fail {miserably} during the day.

같은 방식으로, 어두운 곳이나 빛이 없는 곳에서 이동하고 사냥하는 데 완벽하게 적응한 야행성 동물들은 낮에 비참하게 실패한다.

availability

[əˌveɪləˈbɪləti]

[명] 가용성

[명] accessibility, readiness, handiness

[명] The quality of being accessible or ready for use; The state of being free or unoccupied

The resultant changes in light, temperature and food {availability} forced an adaptive evolutionary response.

빛, 온도 및 음식 가용성의 결과적 변화는 적응적인 진화 반응을 강요했다.

nocturnal

[nɑːkˈtɜːrnl]

[형] 야행성의

[형] nightly, night, of the night

[형] Active during the night; Happening or occurring at night
[명] A creature that is primarily active during the night; An animal that prefers to move around and hunt at night

In the same way, {nocturnal} animals that are perfectly adapted to move around and hunt under dim or no light fail miserably during the day.

같은 방식으로, 어두운 곳이나 빛이 없는 곳에서 이동하고 사냥하는 데 완벽하게 적응한 야행성 동물들은 낮에 비참하게 실패한다.

bacteria

[bækˈtɪrəriə]

[명] 박테리아

[명] microorganisms, microbes, viruses

[명] A type of very small living organism that can only be seen with a microscope; Tiny single-celled organisms that can be found in various environments

Almost all life shows a 24-hour pattern of activity and rest, even {bacteria}.

거의 모든 생명체는 박테리아를 포함해 24시간 활동 및 휴식 패턴을 보인다.

precious

[ˈpreʃəs]

[형] 귀중한

[형] valuable, costly, expensive

[형] worthless, cheap

[형] Something that is very valuable and important; Cherished for its worth or emotional significance
[부] To a very high degree; In an exceptionally strong manner
[명] A term used to refer to someone you deeply care about; A person who holds great value in your life

Flowering plants don't want to give up all their {precious} pollen to undesirable pollinators.

개화하는 식물은 바람직하지 않은 수분 매개자에게 귀중한 꽃가루를 모두 포기하고 싶어하지 않는다.

mutualist

[명] 상리공생자

[명] An organism that lives in a symbiotic relationship with another; A person who supports or promotes mutualism as a philosophy

Flowering plants and bees are not strict {mutualists.}

개화하는 식물과 벌은 엄격한 상리공생자가 아니다.

deceive

[dɪˈsiːv]

[동] 속이다

[동] swindle, take in, defraud

[동] To cause someone to believe something that is not true; To trick someone into thinking something false

Instead, they {deceive} male bees into thinking a particular orchid flower is a receptive, ready, and waiting female of their species to make them pollinate.

대신 그들은 수컷 벌을 속여 특정 난초 꽃이 그들의 종의 수용적이고 준비된, 기다리는 암컷인 것처럼 생각하게 하여 그들이 수분하도록 만든다.

seed

[siːd]

[명] 씨앗

[명] pip, grain, stone

[명] The small part of a plant that can grow into a new plant; A reproductive unit of a flowering plant that can develop into a new individual
[동] To plant seeds in the ground; To scatter seeds over an area to grow plants
[형] Related to the part of a plant that can grow into a new plant; Describing something that can be used to start a new growth

A small fraction of a flower's pollen grains must make their way to other flowers to ultimately produce {seeds}.

꽃가루 알갱이의 작은 일부가 다른 꽃으로 가야 궁극적으로 씨앗을 만들어야 한다.

foster

[ˈfɔːstə(r)]

[동] 조성하다

[동] encourage, bring up, promote

[동] neglect, suppress, destroy

[동] To encourage the growth or development of something; To provide care and support to a child or someone in need
[형] Describing a situation where a child is cared for by people who are not their biological parents; Relating to the nurturing of children that are not biologically one's own
[명] A person who provides a temporary home for a child; An individual who takes care of a child in place of their biological parents

A small fraction of a flower's pollen grains must make their way to other flowers to ultimately produce seeds and {foster} new generations of plants.

꽃가루 알갱이의 작은 일부가 다른 꽃으로 가야 궁극적으로 씨앗을 만들어 새로운 식물의 세대를 조성해야 한다.

deposit

[dɪˈpɑːzɪt]

[동] 놓다

[동] put, place, lay
[명] accumulation, down payment, sediment

[동] pick up

[동] To put something down in a specific location; To place an item for safekeeping
[명] A sum of money placed in a bank account; An initial payment made to secure a purchase

Some nectar-robbing bees cut slits or holes at the bases of tube-shaped flowers and never {deposit} pollen on stigmas.

일부 꿀을 훔치는 벌은 튜브 모양의 꽃의 기부에 슬릿이나 구멍을 내고 결코 꽃가루를 암술머리에 놓지 않는다.

generation

[ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn]

[명] 세대

[명] age, age group, peer group

[명] destruction

[명] A group of people born and living at the same time; The average time it takes for children to grow up and have their own children

A small fraction of a flower's pollen grains must make their way to other flowers to ultimately produce seeds and foster new {generations} of plants.

꽃가루 알갱이의 작은 일부가 다른 꽃으로 가야 궁극적으로 씨앗을 만들어 새로운 식물의 세대를 조성해야 한다.

flowering

[ˈflaʊərɪŋ]

[형] 개화하는

[형] blooming, in flower, in bloom

[형] Describing a plant that is in bloom; Referring to a plant that produces or bears flowers
[명] The process of generating flowers; The time when plants are in bloom

{Flowering} plants and bees are not strict mutualists.

개화하는 식물과 벌은 엄격한 상리공생자가 아니다.

fraction

[ˈfrækʃn]

[명] 일부

[명] part, bit, subdivision

[명] whole

[명] A number that represents a part of a whole; A small amount that is less than one
[동] To divide something into smaller parts; To break something down into fractions

A small {fraction} of a flower's pollen grains must make their way to other flowers to ultimately produce seeds.

꽃가루 알갱이의 작은 일부가 다른 꽃으로 가야 궁극적으로 씨앗을 만들어야 한다.

pollinator

[pɑ́lənèitər]

[명] 수분 매개자

[명] An insect or animal that helps in transferring pollen to flowers for fertilization; A creature, often an insect, that assists plants in reproduction by moving pollen

Flowering plants don't want to give up all their precious pollen to undesirable {pollinators} or even to generally dependable pollinating bees.

개화하는 식물은 바람직하지 않은 수분 매개자나 일반적으로 신뢰할 수 있는 수분 매개벌에게도 귀중한 꽃가루를 모두 포기하고 싶어하지 않는다.

waiting

[ˈweɪtɪŋ]

[형] 기다리는

[명] The act of remaining in one place until something happens; The period spent before an expected event
[형] Being in a state of anticipation for something to happen; Staying in one place until a certain event occurs

Instead, they deceive male bees into thinking a particular orchid flower is a receptive, ready, and {waiting} female of their species to make them pollinate.

대신 그들은 수컷 벌을 속여 특정 난초 꽃이 그들의 종의 수용적이고 준비된, 기다리는 암컷인 것처럼 생각하게 하여 그들이 수분하도록 만든다.

strict

[strɪkt]

[형] 엄격한

[형] precise, severe, tough

[형] imprecise, easy-going, loose

[형] Demanding that rules are followed closely; Not allowing any exceptions or flexibility

Flowering plants and bees are not {strict} mutualists.

개화하는 식물과 벌은 엄격한 상리공생자가 아니다.

nectar-robbing

[형] 꿀을 훔치는

Some {nectar-robbing} bees cut slits or holes at the bases of tube-shaped flowers and never deposit pollen on stigmas.

일부 꿀을 훔치는 벌은 튜브 모양의 꽃의 기부에 슬릿이나 구멍을 내고 결코 꽃가루를 암술머리에 놓지 않는다.

grain

[ɡreɪn]

[명] 알갱이

[명] cereal, seed, cereal crops

[명] A small, hard seed used for food, such as wheat or corn; The seeds of various cereal crops that are harvested for consumption
[동] To give a rough texture to a surface; To create a granular form from a substance

A small fraction of a flower's pollen {grains} must make their way to other flowers to ultimately produce seeds.

꽃가루 알갱이의 작은 일부가 다른 꽃으로 가야 궁극적으로 씨앗을 만들어야 한다.

pollen

[ˈpɑːlən]

[명] 꽃가루

[명] A fine yellow powder produced by flowers that is needed for reproduction; Tiny grains from male flowers that travel to female flowers for fertilization
[동] To cover something with pollen; To apply pollen to a flower or plant

A small fraction of a flower's {pollen} grains must make their way to other flowers to ultimately produce seeds.

꽃가루 알갱이의 작은 일부가 다른 꽃으로 가야 궁극적으로 씨앗을 만들어야 한다.

scent

[sent]

[명] 향기

[명] smell, fragrance, aroma
[동] smell, detect the smell of, sense

[명] stink, stench

[명] A distinct smell that is often pleasant and recognizable; An odor that can come from a substance and affect how something smells
[동] To give something a pleasant smell; To become aware of something using the sense of smell

They produce the same chemical {scents} and even sort of look like those female bees.

그들은 같은 화학 향기를 생성하고 심지어 그런 암컷 벌처럼 보인다.

ultimately

[ˈʌltɪmətli]

[부] 궁극적으로

[부] eventually, finally, in the end

[부] immediately

[부] In the end, after everything is considered; At the final point of a situation or process

A small fraction of a flower's pollen grains must make their way to other flowers to {ultimately} produce seeds.

꽃가루 알갱이의 작은 일부가 다른 꽃으로 가야 궁극적으로 씨앗을 만들어야 한다.

stigma

[ˈstɪɡmə]

[명] 암술머리

[명] shame, disgrace, dishonour

[명] honour, credit

[명] A mark of disgrace connected to a specific quality or circumstance; A sign of shame or dishonor

Some nectar-robbing bees cut slits or holes at the bases of tube-shaped flowers and never deposit pollen on {stigmas}.

일부 꿀을 훔치는 벌은 튜브 모양의 꽃의 기부에 슬릿이나 구멍을 내고 결코 꽃가루를 암술머리에 놓지 않는다.

cheater

[tʃí:tər]

[명] 속이는 자

[명] a person who acts dishonestly in order to gain an advantage; one who cheats

This difference leads to {cheaters} in the system.

이 차이는 시스템 내에서 속이는 자들로 이어진다.

receptive

[rɪˈseptɪv]

[형] 수용적인

[형] open-minded, open, ready/willing to consider new ideas

[형] resistant, narrow-minded, unresponsive

[형] Open to new ideas or suggestions; Able to accept and consider various opinions

Instead, they deceive male bees into thinking a particular orchid flower is a {receptive}, ready, and waiting female of their species to make them pollinate.

대신 그들은 수컷 벌을 속여 특정 난초 꽃이 그들의 종의 수용적이고 준비된, 기다리는 암컷인 것처럼 생각하게 하여 그들이 수분하도록 만든다.

friendship

[ˈfrendʃɪp]

[명] 우정

[명] relationship, attachment, intimacy

[명] enmity, unfriendliness

[명] The emotional bond between friends; The state of being close to someone

The bond of {friendship} may solve a problem known as the banker's paradox.

우정의 유대는 은행가의 역설로 알려진 문제를 해결할 수 있다.

financial

[faɪˈnænʃl]

[형] 재정의

[형] monetary, economic, money

[형] Relating to the management of money and investments; Connected with the economy and banking
[명] The money matters or economic situation of a person or organization; Refers to the monetary aspects related to investments or income

When you are facing {financial} ruin and most need a loan, the bank is unlikely to grant you one as you represent a terrible credit risk.

재정적 파산에 직면하고 대출이 가장 필요할 때, 은행은 당신이 끔찍한 신용 위험을 나타내므로 대출을 주지 않을 가능성이 높다.

loan

[loʊn]

[명] 대출

[명] credit, advance, mortgage
[동] lend, advance, allow

[동] borrow

[명] A sum of money borrowed that must be paid back with interest; An instance where money or property is lent to someone temporarily
[동] To give something temporarily to someone with the expectation that it will be returned; To provide money for someone to use for a certain time before they pay it back

When you are facing financial ruin and most need a {loan}, the bank is unlikely to grant you one as you represent a terrible credit risk.

재정적 파산에 직면하고 대출이 가장 필요할 때, 은행은 당신이 끔찍한 신용 위험을 나타내므로 대출을 주지 않을 가능성이 높다.

altruism

[ˈæltruɪzəm]

[명] 이타주의

[명] unselfishness, selflessness, charity

[명] selfishness, self-interest

[명] A selfless concern for the welfare of others without regard for one's own interests; Unselfish behavior that focuses on the well-being of others

This same dynamic would also have posed a deep problem for reciprocal {altruism} in the world of our ancestors.

이 같은 동력은 우리의 조상 세계에서 상호적 이타주의에 깊은 문제를 제기했을 것이다.

dynamic

[daɪˈnæmɪk]

[명] 동력

[형] energetic, spirited, active

[형] half-hearted, apathetic, lethargic

[형] Describing something that is constantly changing or active; Characterized by high energy and constant movement
[명] A force that drives change or progress in a system; The interaction between individuals that affects their behavior

This same {dynamic} would also have posed a deep problem for reciprocal altruism in the world of our ancestors.

이 같은 동력은 우리의 조상 세계에서 상호적 이타주의에 깊은 문제를 제기했을 것이다.

represent

[ˌreprɪˈzent]

[동] 대표하다

[동] symbolize, act for, constitute

[동] To act or speak on behalf of someone or something; To show or present something in a particular way

The bank is unlikely to grant you one as you {represent} a terrible credit risk.

은행은 당신이 끔찍한 신용 위험을 나타내므로 대출을 주지 않을 가능성이 높다.

receive

[rɪˈsiːv]

[동] 받다

[동] be given, get, be presented with

[동] give, present, send

[동] To be given something, such as a gift or message; To accept or take something that is offered

Individuals may be least likely to {receive} help when they most need it, because they are least able to reciprocate.

개인은 가장 필요할 때 도움을 받지 못할 가능성이 가장 낮고, 이는 그들이 상호작용할 수 있는 능력이 가장 낮기 때문이다.

ancestor

[ˈænsestə(r)]

[명] 조상

[명] forebear, forefather, predecessor

[명] descendant, successor

[명] A person from whom someone is descended, typically more distant than a grandparent; An individual from an earlier generation in one's family
[동] To be a direct relative from a previous generation; To originate from someone who lived in the past

This same dynamic would also have posed a deep problem for reciprocal altruism in the world of our {ancestors}.

이 같은 동력은 우리의 조상 세계에서 상호적 이타주의에 깊은 문제를 제기했을 것이다.

evolution

[ˌiːvəˈluːʃn]

[명] 진화

[명] development, rise, advancement

[명] The process through which living organisms change over time to develop new forms; A gradual transformation influenced by natural selection and environmental factors

The {evolution} of friendship provides a solution to the dilemma.

우정의 진화는 이 딜레마에 대한 해결책을 제공한다.

bond

[bɑːnd]

[명] 유대

[명] friendship, tie, rapport
[동] join, form friendships, connect

[명] A connection between people or groups based on feelings or experiences; A strong relationship that ties individuals together
[동] To join or attach something securely to another; To create a connection or relationship between people
[형] Relating to someone who is enslaved or held captive; In a condition of servitude or forced labor

The {bond} of friendship may solve a problem known as the banker's paradox.

우정의 유대는 은행가의 역설로 알려진 문제를 해결할 수 있다.

solve

[sɑːlv]

[동] 해결하다

[동] find an/the answer to, answer, sort sb/sth out

[동] encode, complicate, obfuscate

[동] To find an answer or solution to a problem or question; To resolve a difficult situation or dilemma

The bond of friendship may {solve} a problem known as the banker's paradox.

우정의 유대는 은행가의 역설로 알려진 문제를 해결할 수 있다.

aid

[eɪd]

[명] 도움

[동] help, assist, second
[명] assistance, help, support

[동] hinder, discourage
[명] hindrance

[동] To help someone in achieving a goal; To provide what is necessary for success
[명] Help that is offered to someone in need; Support provided, especially in a practical form

Why would a non-relative come to your {aid}, with a greatly reduced chance of being paid back the favour?

왜 비친척이 당신의 도움을 주겠는가, 보답받을 가능성이 크게 줄어들면서?

grant

[ɡrænt]

[동] 주다

[동] allow, give, accord
[명] endowment, award, subvention

[동] refuse, deny

[동] To agree to give something to someone; To allow someone to have or do something
[명] A sum of money provided by a government or organization for a specific purpose; The act of giving something formally or legally

The bank is unlikely to {grant} you one as you represent a terrible credit risk.

은행은 당신이 끔찍한 신용 위험을 나타내므로 대출을 주지 않을 가능성이 높다.

reciprocal

[rɪˈsɪprəkl]

[형] 상호적인

[형] given/felt in return, mutual, corresponding

[형] unilateral

[형] Given or done in return for something; Describing a relationship where both parties agree to provide something similar
[명] A relationship where two things affect each other equally; A mathematical concept where one number is the inverse of another

This same dynamic would also have posed a deep problem for {reciprocal} altruism in the world of our ancestors.

이 같은 동력은 우리의 조상 세계에서 상호적 이타주의에 깊은 문제를 제기했을 것이다.

unlikely

[ʌnˈlaɪkli]

[형] 가능성이 없는

[형] improbable, doubtful, not likely

[형] likely, probable, certain

[형] Not expected to happen or be true; Not likely to occur or be successful
[부] In a way that is not probable or expected; In a manner that suggests something is not likely to happen

When you are facing financial ruin and most need a loan, the bank is {unlikely} to grant you one as you represent a terrible credit risk.

재정적 파산에 직면하고 대출이 가장 필요할 때, 은행은 당신이 끔찍한 신용 위험을 나타내므로 대출을 주지 않을 가능성이 높다.

credit

[ˈkredɪt]

[명] 신용

[명] praise, commendation, honour
[동] believe, accept, rely on

[동] disbelieve

[명] The trust that allows someone to buy something and pay for it later; The acknowledgment or recognition for contributions made by someone
[동] To publicly recognize someone's contribution; To trust that something is true
[형] Related to trust in someone's ability to pay back money; Describing terms or conditions of a financial arrangement where payment is postponed

The bank is unlikely to grant you one as you represent a terrible {credit} risk.

은행은 당신이 끔찍한 신용 위험을 나타내므로 대출을 주지 않을 가능성이 높다.

terrible

[ˈterəbl]

[형] 끔찍한

[형] dreadful, awful, shocking

[형] minor, wonderful, negligible

[형] Extremely bad in a significant way; Very shocking and disturbing
[부] In a very bad or unpleasant manner; To a great extent or degree, often causing fear or distress
[명] A person who causes fear or distress; Someone who is extremely unpleasant or bad

The bank is unlikely to grant you one as you represent a {terrible} credit risk.

은행은 당신이 끔찍한 신용 위험을 나타내므로 대출을 주지 않을 가능성이 높다.

institutionalize

[ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃənəlaɪz]

[동] 제도화하다

[동] To make something a standard practice within a group or organization; To establish a custom or norm that is widely accepted

Modern science by contrast combines observation, interpretation and action in forms that collectivize the knowledge gained and {institutionalizes} them in labs, centres, disciplines, funds and stored memories.

현대 과학은 이러한 대비에서 관찰, 해석 및 행동을 결합하여 얻어진 지식을 집단화하고 이를 실험실, 센터, 학문, 자금 및 저장된 기억에 제도화한다.

indistinguishable

[ˌɪndɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃəbl]

[형] 구별할 수 없는

[형] identical, almost identical, the same

[형] dissimilar, easy to tell apart, clear

[형] Unable to be recognized as different or distinct; Not possible to identify as distinct

For most of history science was secretive, obscure and often considered {indistinguishable} from magic.

대부분의 역사에서 과학은 비밀스러웠고 모호하며 종종 마법과 구별할 수 없는 것으로 여겨졌다.

collective

[kəˈlektɪv]

[형] 집단의

[형] common, joint, shared

[형] individual, sectional, separate

[형] Done by a group of people working together; Describing many people or things viewed as one unit
[명] A group of individuals working together for a common purpose; An organization owned and managed by its members

This open and {collective} nature was understood early in the history of modern science.

이 개방적이고 집단적인 본질은 현대 과학의 역사 초기에 이해되었다.

contrast

[명] [ˈkɑːntræst], [동] [kənˈtræst]

[명] 대비

[명] difference, dissimilarity, opposition
[동] differ from, differentiate, be at variance with

[명] similarity, resemblance
[동] resemble, echo, match

[명] The state of being very different from something else; A noticeable difference between two or more things
[동] To show how two things are different from each other; To compare things to highlight their differences

Modern science by {contrast} combines observation, interpretation and action in forms that collectivize the knowledge gained and institutionalizes them in labs, centres, disciplines, funds and stored memories.

현대 과학은 이러한 대비에서 관찰, 해석 및 행동을 결합하여 얻어진 지식을 집단화하고 이를 실험실, 센터, 학문, 자금 및 저장된 기억에 제도화한다.

truth

[truːθ]

[명] 진리

[명] veracity, good faith, truthfulness

[명] dishonesty, falsity, lies

[명] The quality of being in accordance with fact; The actual facts about a situation

'free and ingenious exchange of the reasons of our particular sentiments' is the best method of discovering {truth} and improving knowledge.

'우리의 특정한 감정의 이유를 자유롭고 독창적으로 교환하는 것'이 진리를 발견하고 지식을 향상시키는 가장 좋은 방법이다.

secretive

[ˈsiːkrətɪv]

[형] 비밀스러운

[형] uncommunicative, reticent, secret

[형] open, communicative, chatty

[형] Tending to keep thoughts and feelings hidden; Characterized by a reluctance to share information

For most of history science was {secretive}, obscure and often considered indistinguishable from magic.

대부분의 역사에서 과학은 비밀스러웠고 모호하며 종종 마법과 구별되지 않는 것으로 여겨졌다.

theorist

[ˈθiːərɪst]

[명] 이론가

[명] A person who focuses on the theories related to a specific field; Someone who creates ideas or principles based on observations

Joseph Glanvill was one of its first {theorists,} arguing in the 1660s that 'free and ingenious exchange of the reasons of our particular sentiments' is the best method of discovering truth and improving knowledge.

조셉 글랜빌은 그것의 첫 번째 이론가 중 한 명으로, 1660년대에 '우리의 특정한 감정의 이유를 자유롭고 독창적으로 교환하는 것'이 진리를 발견하고 지식을 향상시키는 가장 좋은 방법이라고 주장했다.

collectivize

[kəˈlektɪvaɪz]

[동] 집단화하다

[동] To organize something so that it is owned and managed by a group rather than individuals; To change a business or farm to be run collectively by members of a community

Modern science by contrast combines observation, interpretation and action in forms that {collectivize} the knowledge gained and institutionalizes them in labs, centres, disciplines, funds and stored memories.

현대 과학은 이러한 대비에서 관찰, 해석 및 행동을 결합하여 얻어진 지식을 집단화하고 이를 실험실, 센터, 학문, 자금 및 저장된 기억에 제도화한다.

discover

[dɪˈskʌvə(r)]

[동] 발견하다

[동] find, find out, locate

[동] hide, conceal

[동] To find something unexpectedly or while searching; To become aware of something for the first time
[명] The act of finding something new or learning something for the first time; A new piece of information that was previously unknown

'free and ingenious exchange of the reasons of our particular sentiments' is the best method of {discovering} truth and improving knowledge.

'우리의 특정한 감정의 이유를 자유롭고 독창적으로 교환하는 것'이 진리를 발견하고 지식을 향상시키는 가장 좋은 방법이다.

action

[ˈækʃn]

[명] 행동

[명] deed, measure, act

[명] The process of doing something to achieve a goal; A deed or act performed by an individual or group
[동] To perform a task or do something; To take steps to handle a situation
[형] Relating to or characterized by movement and doing things; Describing something that involves physical activity

Modern science by contrast combines observation, interpretation and {action} in forms that collectivize the knowledge gained and institutionalizes them in labs, centres, disciplines, funds and stored memories.

현대 과학은 이러한 대비에서 관찰, 해석 및 행동을 결합하여 얻어진 지식을 집단화하고 이를 실험실, 센터, 학문, 자금 및 저장된 기억에 제도화한다.

disapproval

[ˌdɪsəˈpruːvl]

[명] 반대

[명] disapprobation, displeasure, dislike

[명] approval

[명] A feeling or expression of not agreeing with something; The act of showing that you do not like or agree with something

As a collective, science polices itself, as happened in 2018 when a Chinese scientist, He Jiankui, announced the birth of twin girls with edited genomes, and was met with a storm of {disapproval}.

집단으로서 과학은 스스로를 감시하며, 2018년에 중국 과학자 허젠쾌가 편집된 유전자를 가진 쌍둥이 소녀의 탄생을 발표했을 때 반대의 소용돌이에 휘말렸다.

history

[ˈhɪstri]

[명] 역사

[명] the past, former times, the old days

[명] the future

[명] The study of events that happened in the past; A collection of significant past events

For most of {history} science was secretive, obscure and often considered indistinguishable from magic.

대부분의 역사에서 과학은 비밀스럽고 모호하며 종종 마법과 구별되지 않는 것으로 여겨졌다.

genius

[ˈdʒiːniəs]

[명] 천재

[명] brilliance, prodigy, great intelligence

[명] stupidity, dunce

[명] A person with outstanding intellectual or creative abilities; Someone who shows exceptional skill or intelligence in a specific area
[형] Very clever or exceptionally skilled; Showing remarkable intelligence or creativity

Yet this, the increasingly collective nature of science, is often missed in stories of individual {genius}, whether Newton sitting under an apple tree or Einstein writing at night after his job.

그러나 이것, 점점 더 집단적인 과학의 본질은 뉴턴이 사과 나무 아래 앉아 있거나 아인슈타인이 자신의 일을 마친 후 밤에 글을 쓰는 개인적 천재의 이야기에서 종종 간과된다.

police

[pəˈliːs]

[동] 감시하다

[명] police force, the law, police officers
[동] maintain law and order in, control, keep the peace in

[명] The government body responsible for maintaining law and order; A group of officers who protect the public and enforce laws
[동] To maintain law and order in a specific area; To control and manage activities using police or military forces

As a collective, science {polices} itself, as happened in 2018 when a Chinese scientist, He Jiankui, announced the birth of twin girls with edited genomes, and was met with a storm of disapproval.

집단으로서 과학은 스스로를 감시하며, 2018년에 중국 과학자 허젠쾌가 편집된 유전자를 가진 쌍둥이 소녀의 탄생을 발표했을 때 반대의 소용돌이에 휘말렸다.

obscure

[əbˈskjʊr]

[형] 모호한

[형] unclear, unknown, uncertain
[동] hide, obstruct, conceal

[형] clear, famous, plain
[동] reveal, expose, clarify

[형] Not clearly seen or understood; Not well-known or famous
[동] To keep something from being seen or noticed; To make something difficult to understand or know
[명] A state of being difficult to see or understand; A lack of clarity or visibility

For most of history science was secretive, {obscure} and often considered indistinguishable from magic.

대부분의 역사에서 과학은 비밀스러웠고 모호하며 종종 마법과 구별되지 않는 것으로 여겨졌다.

knowledge

[ˈnɑːlɪdʒ]

[명] 지식

[명] understanding, experience, comprehension

[명] ignorance, unawareness, illiteracy

[명] Facts and skills gained through learning or experience; The state of being aware or informed about something
[형] Relating to the understanding of facts or information; Having awareness or familiarity with a subject

'free and ingenious exchange of the reasons of our particular sentiments' is the best method of discovering truth and improving {knowledge}.

'우리의 특정한 감정의 이유를 자유롭고 독창적으로 교환하는 것'이 진리를 발견하고 지식을 향상시키는 가장 좋은 방법이다.

science

[ˈsaɪəns]

[명] 과학

[명] branch of knowledge, discipline, body of knowledge/information/facts

[명] The study of the natural and physical world through systematic observation and experimentation; A field of knowledge that involves understanding natural phenomena

For most of history {science} was secretive, obscure and often considered indistinguishable from magic.

대부분의 역사에서 과학은 비밀스럽고 모호하며 종종 마법과 구별되지 않는 것으로 여겨졌다.

interpretation

[ɪnˌtɜːrprɪˈteɪʃn]

[명] 해석

[명] explanation, elucidation, meaning

[명] The act of explaining what something means; A result of making something clear and understandable

Modern science by contrast combines observation, {interpretation} and action in forms that collectivize the knowledge gained and institutionalizes them in labs, centres, disciplines, funds and stored memories.

현대 과학은 이러한 대비에서 관찰, 해석 및 행동을 결합하여 얻어진 지식을 집단화하고 이를 실험실, 센터, 학문, 자금 및 저장된 기억에 제도화한다.

explain

[ɪkˈspleɪn]

[동] 설명하다

[동] describe, make clear or plain, illustrate

[동] obscure

[동] To make something clear by providing details or facts; To give information so that someone understands

we can readily perceive the arguments that need to be resolved if we are to {explain} this or that aspect of the social world.

우리는 사회 세계의 이렇거나 저런 측면을 설명하기 위해 해결해야 할 주장을 쉽게 인식할 수 있다.

perspective

[pərˈspektɪv]

[명] 관점

[명] outlook, view, attitude

[명] A way to represent three-dimensional objects on a flat surface to show depth; An individual's way of thinking or viewing a situation
[형] Relating to how things appear in space and depth; Connected to the visual representation of objects

In contrast, introductory social science texts often describe their subjects as a series of competing {perspectives.}

대조적으로, 입문 사회 과학 교재는 종종 그 주제를 경쟁하는 관점의 연속으로 설명한다.

discipline

[ˈdɪsəplɪn]

[명] 학문 분야

[명] control, regulation, rule
[동] train, punish, drill

[동] give free rein to

[명] The practice of training individuals to follow rules and behave appropriately; A system of control that enforces order and obedience
[동] To train someone to follow rules and behave properly; To correct someone's behavior through punishment or instruction

There is sufficient consensus among the {discipline}'s scholars for an introductory physics textbook to state with authority the basic knowledge that is accepted by the field.

입문 물리학 교과서가 해당 분야에서 인정받는 기본 지식을 권위 있게 기술할 수 있도록 학문 분야의 학자들 사이에는 충분한 합의가 있다.

agree

[əˈɡriː]

[동] 동의하다

[동] concur, be of the same mind/opinion, engage

[동] disagree, differ, reject

[동] To have the same opinion as someone else; To accept or approve of something suggested by another

Social scientists find it harder to {agree} than do natural scientists.

사회 과학자들은 자연 과학자들보다 동의하기 더 어렵다고 느낀다.

fierce

[fɪrs]

[형] 격렬한

[형] ferocious, savage, wild

[형] gentle, tame, tranquil

[형] Having a strong and intense aggressiveness; Very intense or violent
[부] In a very strong or intense way; To a great degree

Researchers at the leading edge of physics, for example, may argue {fiercely,} but there is sufficient consensus among the discipline's scholars for an introductory physics textbook to state with authority the basic knowledge that is accepted by the field.

예를 들어, 물리학의 최전선에 있는 연구자들은 격렬하게 논쟁할 수 있지만, 입문 물리학 교과서가 해당 분야에서 인정받는 기본 지식을 권위 있게 기술할 수 있도록 학문 분야의 학자들 사이에는 충분한 합의가 있다.

natural

[ˈnætʃrəl]

[형] 자연의

[형] normal, logical, genetic

[형] abnormal, unnatural, affected

[형] Existing in or produced by nature without human intervention; Having qualities or characteristics that are found in nature
[명] A person with an innate talent for something; Someone who is naturally good at a particular activity
[부] In a way that is normal and expected; In a manner that occurs without artificial influences

Social scientists find it harder to agree than do {natural} scientists.

사회 과학자들은 자연 과학자들보다 동의하기 더 어렵다고 느낀다.

rival

[ˈraɪvl]

[명] 경쟁자

[명] competitor, opponent, contestant
[동] compete with, vie with, match
[형] competing, in competition, opposing

[명] partner, supporter, ally

[명] A person or thing competing with another for the same goal; Someone striving to achieve something that only one can have
[동] To compete with someone or something; To be equal to or better than another person
[형] Describing someone or something that competes with another; Having a claim or interest that is the same as someone else's

Like politicians in elections, advocates of particular schools try to put 'clear blue water' between themselves and their {rivals.}

선거의 정치인들처럼, 특정 학교의 옹호자들은 자신들과 경쟁자들 사이에 '맑은 물'을 두려고 한다.

benefit

[ˈbenɪfɪt]

[명] 이점

[명] good, advantage, sake
[동] be advantageous to, profit from, gain

[명] detriment, harm, disadvantage
[동] damage, harm

[명] An advantage gained from something; A positive outcome or effect resulting from an action
[동] To receive an advantage or profit from something; To be useful or helpful to someone

There are {benefits} to stressing what divides us.

우리 사이의 분열을 강조하는 데 이점이 있다.

consensus

[kənˈsensəs]

[명] 합의

[명] agreement, harmony, general agreement

[명] disagreement, minority view

[명] A general agreement reached by a group; An opinion or decision that is accepted by all members of a group

there is sufficient {consensus} among the discipline's scholars for an introductory physics textbook to state with authority the basic knowledge that is accepted by the field.

입문 물리학 교과서가 해당 분야에서 인정받는 기본 지식을 권위 있게 기술할 수 있도록 학문 분야의 학자들 사이에는 충분한 합의가 있다.

logical

[ˈlɑːdʒɪkl]

[형] 논리적인

[형] reasoned, rational, well reasoned

[형] irrational, illogical, unlikely

[형] Following the rules of logic or sound reasoning; Having a clear and sensible way of thinking

By taking specific emphases to their {logical} conclusions, we can readily perceive the arguments that need to be resolved if we are to explain this or that aspect of the social world.

구체적인 강조를 논리적 결론으로 이끌어냄으로써, 우리는 사회 세계의 이렇거나 저런 측면을 설명하기 위해 해결해야 할 주장을 쉽게 인식할 수 있다.

sociology

[ˌsoʊsiˈɑːlədʒi]

[명] 사회학

[명] The study of how human societies develop and operate; A science that investigates social institutions and relationships

when the same advocates get round to doing {sociology} (rather than just advertising their brand of it) they tend to fall back to a common middle ground.

같은 옹호자들이 사회학을 수행할 때(단순히 그들의 브랜드를 광고하는 것이 아니라) 그들은 일반적인 중간 지대에 돌아가는 경향이 있다.

particular

[pərˈtɪkjələ(r)]

[형] 특정한

[형] specific, certain, special
[명] detail, item, fact

[형] general, ordinary, indiscriminate

[형] Relating to a specific person or thing rather than general ones; Distinctive or unique among others
[명] A specific detail or piece of information; An individual fact or point that is distinct from others

Like politicians in elections, advocates of {particular} schools try to put 'clear blue water' between themselves and their rivals.

선거의 정치인들처럼, 특정 학교의 옹호자들은 자신들과 경쟁자들 사이에 '맑은 물'을 두려고 한다.

perceive

[pərˈsiːv]

[동] 인식하다

[동] discern, see, recognize

[동] To become aware of something using your senses; To notice something that is happening

By taking specific emphases to their logical conclusions, we can readily {perceive} the arguments that need to be resolved if we are to explain this or that aspect of the social world.

구체적인 강조를 논리적 결론으로 이끌어냄으로써, 우리는 사회 세계의 이렇거나 저런 측면을 설명하기 위해 해결해야 할 주장을 쉽게 인식할 수 있다.

introductory

[ˌɪntrəˈdʌktəri]

[형] 입문자의

[형] opening, preliminary, initial

[형] final, concluding, advanced

[형] Serving as an introduction to a subject; Providing basic information about something

In contrast, {introductory} social science texts often describe their subjects as a series of competing perspectives.

대조적으로, 입문 사회 과학 교재는 종종 그 주제를 경쟁하는 관점의 연속으로 설명한다.

emphasis

[ˈemfəsɪs]

[명] 강조

[명] prominence, importance, attention

[명] Special importance given to something to highlight its significance; A forceful expression that adds weight to an idea or statement

By taking specific {emphases} to their logical conclusions, we can readily perceive the arguments that need to be resolved if we are to explain this or that aspect of the social world.

구체적인 강조를 논리적 결론으로 이끌어냄으로써, 우리는 사회 세계의 이렇거나 저런 측면을 설명하기 위해 해결해야 할 주장을 쉽게 인식할 수 있다.

advocate

[ˈædvəkət]

[명] 옹호자

[동] recommend, prescribe, support
[명] champion, supporter, proponent

[동] reject, oppose
[명] critic

[동] To publicly support or recommend something; To argue in favor of a particular cause or policy
[명] A person who supports a specific cause or policy openly; Someone who promotes or argues for a particular idea

Like politicians in elections, {advocates} of particular schools try to put 'clear blue water' between themselves and their rivals.

선거의 정치인들처럼, 특정 학교의 옹호자들은 자신들과 경쟁자들 사이에 '맑은 물'을 두려고 한다.

researcher

[risə́:rtʃər]

[명] 연구자

[명] A person who conducts studies to discover new information; Someone who investigates a topic in depth

{Researchers} at the leading edge of physics, for example, may argue fiercely, but there is sufficient consensus among the discipline's scholars for an introductory physics textbook to state with authority the basic knowledge that is accepted by the field.

예를 들어, 물리학의 최전선에 있는 연구자들은 격렬하게 논쟁할 수 있지만, 입문 물리학 교과서가 해당 분야에서 인정받는 기본 지식을 권위 있게 기술할 수 있도록 학문 분야의 학자들 사이에는 충분한 합의가 있다.

describe

[dɪˈskraɪb]

[동] 설명하다

[동] report, relate, narrate

[동] To give a detailed explanation of something; To tell about the characteristics of something

In contrast, introductory social science texts often {describe} their subjects as a series of competing perspectives.

대조적으로, 입문 사회 과학 교재는 종종 그 주제를 경쟁하는 관점의 연속으로 설명한다.

scientist

[ˈsaɪəntɪst]

[명] 과학자

[명] researcher, technologist, inventor

[명] A person who studies or has deep knowledge in one or more scientific fields; Someone who conducts experiments to explore natural phenomena

Social {scientists} find it harder to agree than do natural scientists.

사회 과학자들은 자연 과학자들보다 동의하기 더 어렵다고 느낀다.

scholar

[ˈskɑːlə(r)]

[명] 학자

[명] academic, intellectual, philosopher

[명] A person who specializes in a specific field of study, particularly in the humanities; Someone who has extensive knowledge about a particular subject due to long-term study

There is sufficient consensus among the discipline's {scholars} for an introductory physics textbook to state with authority the basic knowledge that is accepted by the field.

입문 물리학 교과서가 해당 분야에서 인정받는 기본 지식을 권위 있게 기술할 수 있도록 학문 분야의 학자들 사이에는 충분한 합의가 있다.

dishonesty

[disɑ́nəsti]

[명] 불성실

[명] deceit, deception, fraud

[명] probity

[명] The quality of being untruthful or lacking integrity; Actions or behaviors that involve deceit or fraud

The results were clear, supporting what many researchers have long suspected: the results reported immediately were more honest than those reported after a delay, suggesting that {dishonesty} takes greater cognitive effort.

결과는 명확했으며, 많은 연구자들이 오랫동안 의심해온 것을 지지했다: 즉시 보고된 결과가 지연 후 보고된 결과보다 더 정직했다, 이는 불성실함이 더 큰 인지적 노력을 필요로 한다는 것을 시사한다.

support

[səˈpɔːrt]

[동] 지지하다

[동] hold up, help, vote
[명] pillar, furtherance, post

[동] neglect, oppose, abandon
[명] opposition, antagonist

[동] To hold up or bear the weight of something; To give assistance or help to someone or something
[명] A structure or object that holds up or supports something else; The action of providing help or assistance to someone or something
[형] Made from a soft material that provides comfort; Having flexibility and the ability to bend without breaking

The results were clear, {supporting} what many researchers have long suspected: the results reported immediately were more honest than those reported after a delay.

결과는 명확했으며, 많은 연구자들이 오랫동안 의심해온 것을 지지했다: 즉시 보고된 결과가 지연 후 보고된 결과보다 더 정직했다.

untruthful

[ʌnˈtruːθfl]

[형] 진실하지 않은

[형] false, untrue, fabricated

[형] honest, truthful

[형] Describing something that is not true or accurate; Not revealing the truth in statements or actions

In one experiment, the subjects were more likely to produce {untruthful} responses when they were given a delay to respond.

한 실험에서 피험자들은 반응할 지연을 주었을 때 진실하지 않은 반응을 할 가능성이 더 높았다.

honest

[ˈɑːnɪst]

[형] 정직한

[형] morally correct, trustworthy, frank

[형] dishonest, insincere, secretive

[형] Free from deception or fraud; Truly representing one's thoughts and feelings
[부] In a way that shows truthfulness; Sincerely and genuinely
[명] A person who tells the truth; Someone who is sincere and straightforward

The results were clear, supporting what many researchers have long suspected: the results reported immediately were more {honest} than those reported after a delay.

결과는 명확했으며, 많은 연구자들이 오랫동안 의심해온 것을 지지했다: 즉시 보고된 결과가 지연 후 보고된 결과보다 더 정직했다.

suspect

[동] [səˈspekt], [형] [ˈsʌspekt]

[동] 의심하다

[동] have a suspicion, believe, disbelieve
[명] suspected person, accused, defendant
[형] suspicious, dubious, doubtful

[동] know, trust
[형] innocent

[동] To believe something may be true without having proof; To think someone is guilty based on limited evidence
[명] A person believed to be involved in a crime; Someone who is thought to have done something wrong
[형] Not reliable or trustworthy; Considered to be suspicious or questionable

The results were clear, supporting what many researchers have long {suspected}: the results reported immediately were more honest than those reported after a delay.

결과는 명확했으며, 많은 연구자들이 오랫동안 의심해온 것을 지지했다: 즉시 보고된 결과가 지연 후 보고된 결과보다 더 정직했다.

appropriate

[əˈproʊprieɪt]

[형] 적절한

[동] seize, commandeer, take
[형] suitable, proper, right

[동] relinquish, withhold
[형] inappropriate, unsuitable, irrelevant

[동] To take something for oneself without permission; To claim possession of something exclusively
[형] Suitable for the situation or purpose; Proper and fitting for a specific context

To ensure {appropriate} conditions, the researchers varied the time participants had to report their results.

적절한 조건을 보장하기 위해, 연구자들은 참가자들이 결과를 보고해야 하는 시간을 다르게 했다.

series

[ˈsɪriːz]

[명] 시리즈

[명] sequence, succession, course

[명] A group of related events or objects that occur one after another; A sequence of items that have a common theme or subject
[형] Arranged in a line, connected one after the other; Referring to a sequence of items linked together

In one revealing {series} of studies, researchers from the Julius-Maximilians University of Wurzburg, Germany, enrolled test subjects in a well-known experiment called die under the cup.

한 드러나는 일련의 연구에서, 독일 뷔르츠부르크의 유리우스-막시밀리안 대학교의 연구자들은 '컵 아래에서 죽다'라는 잘 알려진 실험에 테스트 피험자들을 등록했다.

effort

[ˈefərt]

[명] 노력

[명] attempt, hard work, try

[명] A determined attempt to accomplish something; The work done, either mentally or physically, to achieve a goal

The results were clear, supporting what many researchers have long suspected: the results reported immediately were more honest than those reported after a delay, suggesting that dishonesty takes greater cognitive {effort}.

결과는 명확했으며, 많은 연구자들이 오랫동안 의심해온 것을 지지했다: 즉시 보고된 결과가 지연 후 보고된 결과보다 더 정직했다, 이는 불성실함이 더 큰 인지적 노력을 필요로 한다는 것을 시사한다.

cognitive

[ˈkɑːɡnətɪv]

[형] 인지의

[형] Related to how we think and understand things; Involving mental processes like thinking, knowing, and remembering

The results were clear, supporting what many researchers have long suspected: the results reported immediately were more honest than those reported after a delay, suggesting that dishonesty takes greater {cognitive} effort.

결과는 명확했으며, 많은 연구자들이 오랫동안 의심해온 것을 지지했다: 즉시 보고된 결과가 지연 후 보고된 결과보다 더 정직했다, 이는 불성실함이 더 큰 인지적 노력을 필요로 한다는 것을 시사한다.

anonymously

[부] 익명으로

[부] In a way that does not reveal the identity of the person; Without showing who wrote or did something

In the experiment, participants make a series of die rolls under a cup, the results of which only they can see, and then report their results {anonymously}.

이 실험에서 참가자들은 컵 아래에서 주사위를 굴리는 일련의 행동을 하고, 그 결과는 오직 그들만 볼 수 있으며, 이후 결과를 익명으로 보고한다.

instruct

[ɪnˈstrʌkt]

[동] 지시하다

[동] order, command, tell

[동] To tell someone what to do in a formal way; To provide knowledge or skills to someone

In the second, they were {instructed} to do so after a short delay.

두 번째 라운드에서는 짧은 지연 후에 그렇게 하도록 지시받았다.

report

[rɪˈpɔːrt]

[동] 보고하다

[명] account, article, study
[동] announce, inform of, describe

[명] A detailed account of a specific matter, often provided as an official document; Information or news shared by word of mouth
[동] To give a spoken or written description of something that has been observed; To tell someone about an event or situation formally

In the experiment, participants make a series of die rolls under a cup, the results of which only they can see, and then {report} their results anonymously.

이 실험에서 참가자들은 컵 아래에서 주사위를 굴리는 일련의 행동을 하고, 그 결과는 오직 그들만 볼 수 있으며, 이후 결과를 익명으로 보고한다.

outcome

[ˈaʊtkʌm]

[명] 결과

[명] result, end result, end

[명] The result of an event or situation; What happens as a consequence of an action

Participants were told they would earn money depending on the {outcome} of their rolls, with higher rolls rewarded more favorably.

참가자들은 주사위 굴림의 결과에 따라 돈을 벌 수 있다고 들었으며, 더 높은 주사위는 더 유리하게 보상받는다.

delay

[dɪˈleɪ]

[명] 지연

[동] detain, put off, postpone
[명] hold-up, wait, waiting period

[동] hurry, speed, advance

[동] To make something happen later than planned; To cause something to take longer than expected
[명] A period of time that something is late or postponed; The act of making something happen later than planned

In the second, they were instructed to do so after a short {delay}.

두 번째 라운드에서는 짧은 지연 후에 그렇게 하도록 지시받았다.

experiment

[ɪkˈsperɪmənt]

[명] 실험

[명] test, investigation, trial
[동] conduct experiments, test, carry out trials/tests

[명] theory

[명] A scientific procedure conducted to discover something or test a theory; An organized test to observe and analyze the effects of specific actions
[동] To perform a scientific test to learn something new; To try out new methods or ideas in a practical way

In the {experiment}, participants make a series of die rolls under a cup, the results of which only they can see, and then report their results anonymously.

이 실험에서 참가자들은 컵 아래에서 주사위를 굴리는 일련의 행동을 하고, 그 결과는 오직 그들만 볼 수 있으며, 이후 결과를 익명으로 보고한다.

immediately

[ɪˈmiːdiətli]

[부] 즉시

[부] straight away, at once, now

[부] At once, without delay; Right away, with no waiting
[접] At once or without delay; As soon as something happens

In the first round, they asked participants to report their results {immediately}.

첫 번째 라운드에서는 참가자들에게 결과를 즉시 보고하도록 요청했다.

revealing

[rɪˈviːlɪŋ]

[형] 드러나는

[형] Making significant or interesting information known, often personal; Providing details about something previously unknown

In one {revealing} series of studies, researchers from the Julius-Maximilians University of Wurzburg, Germany, enrolled test subjects in a well-known experiment called die under the cup.

한 드러나는 일련의 연구에서, 독일 뷔르츠부르크의 유리우스-막시밀리안 대학교의 연구자들은 '컵 아래에서 죽다'라는 잘 알려진 실험에 테스트 피험자들을 등록했다.

intensity

[ɪnˈtensəti]

[명] 강도

[명] strength, force, power

[명] apathy, indifference

[명] The quality of being very strong or extreme; A measure of how much force or brightness something has

For one, the simulations don't predict emotional {intensity} well.

첫째, 시뮬레이션은 감정적인 강도를 잘 예측하지 못한다.

skydiving

[ˈskaɪdaɪvɪŋ]

[명] 스카이다이빙

[명] the sport or activity of jumping from an aircraft and performing acrobatic manoeuvres in the air under free fall before landing by parachute; the sport of jumping from an airplane and typically executing a prolonged free fall before deploying a parachute

We imagine it's scary {skydiving}, but it's definitely scarier once a 200-pound man strapped to your back slowly pushes your toes to the edge.

우리는 스카이다이빙이 무섭다고 상상하지만, 200파운드의 남자가 당신의 등에 묶여 발끝을 천천히 가장자리로 밀어낼 때 훨씬 더 무섭다.

decision

[dɪˈsɪʒn]