Text Factors: Text Structure What readers know and do during reading has a tremendous impact on how well they comprehend. And comprehension involves more than just reader factors: It also involves text factors. Stories, informational books, and poems can be easier or more difficult to read depending on factors that are inherent in them. When students know how authors organize and present their ideas in texts, this knowledge serves as a scaffold, making comprehension easier. Text structure refers to the way authors organize ideas in stories, informational books and poems. Texts are easier to read when they are well organized and more difficult when they are poorly constructed or when important information or connections between big ideas are missing. Effective text structure emphasizes the most important ideas so that students can identify and remember them more easily. Examples of Text Structure ⚫ Question and Answer Structure ⚫ List Structure ⚫ Sequencing ⚫ Problem Solving ⚫ Cause & Effect ⚫ Comparing & Contrasting 1-1. Question and Answer Structure : Texts are written with the form in which a question is asked and an answer is given. 1-2. List Structure : Texts are written on the flow that is equally listed without any complicated narrative relationship 1-3. Sequence Structure : Texts explain events or steps in order to tell how something is done or how something happens. 1-4. Problem-Solving Structure : Texts present a problem and gives possible solutions to fix the problem. 1-5. Cause and Effect Structure : Texts explain something by highlighting an event and detailing the results. 1-6. Comparing and Contrasting Structure : Texts deal with two or more topics to highlight similarities and differences between them.

2. Text Factors: Genre Genre means a particular type or form of art or any other entertainment. The genre of books is widely categorized into fiction and non-fiction. 2-1. Fiction Genre 1) Realistic Fiction Realistic fiction is a classification of literature that contains stories that could happen in the real world, in a time and a setting that is possible, with characters that are true life. The central character's problem makes up the plot and is the source of the conflict. 2) Mysteries As a sub-genre of realistic fiction, the fundamental characteristic of mysteries is hidden secrets and an investigation. Although mystery stories follow the narrative story structure, including characters, setting, problem, action, resolution and ending, the main elements of mystery is suspense. Suspense builds as the reader wonders if and when the mystery will be solved, and question abound in the mystery story: "who did it?" "what happened?" and "why" 3) Folktales Folktale is the ancient stories retold by generation to generation. They began with the oral tradition and were written down years later. They originally served a multitude of purposes. The primary reasons for sharing these tales were to entertain, to teach, to reinforce cultural and social mores and to explain the creation of the word and its inhabitants. As a genre, folk literature has the following characteristics: ⚫ Usually does not have a single, identifiable author ⚫ Originates in oral telling, and thus may appear in different versions in print. ⚫ Features stock character who are either "all bad" or "all good" ⚫ Has fantastic or unrealistic elements in it ⚫ Usually has an easily discernible lesson or moral ⚫ Is set in a vague historical pas "long ago

4) Pourquoi Stories The word pourquoi means ‘why' in French. Pourquoi stories are short narratives that have been passed orally in all cultures to provide an explanation for creation, nature's elements, people's actions and animal characteristics. 5) Fables Fables are brief tales told to point out a moral. For example: Town Mouse, Country Mouse and Aesop's Fables. 6) Legends Legends are stories, including hero tales and tall tales that recount the courageous deeds of people as they struggled against each other or against gods and monsters. For example: The sword and the circle: King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table 7) Fantasy Fantasies are stories that could not really take place. Authors create new worlds for their characters, but these worlds must be based in reality so that readers will believe they exist.

2-2 Nonfiction Genres 1) Recounts In a recount, an author writes a retelling or interpretation of an event or a series of events that are memorable in his or her life, or in the life of another person. A recount is a written restructuring or interpretation of n event or series of events. ⚫ Autobiography & Biography ⚫ Personal Letters ⚫ Personal Narratives ⚫ Resumes

2) Procedural Texts Procedural Texts are written to help readers follow a set of steps to achieve an intended purpose. ① Text for Explanation: Recipes Text for explanation are written to make clear and understandable how to achieve an intended goal or to detail a process of how something is created or prepared ② Text for Instruction: Manuals Texts for instructions are written to explain how to operate something such as a telephone, a gas grill, or a DVD player 3) Sequentially Ordered Texts Some authors develop texts that use a predetermined pattern to present information sequentially. Readers cause the predictability of the structure to understand information given. ⚫ ABC Books ⚫ Atlases ⚫ Calendars ⚫ Indexes ⚫ Dictionaries ⚫ Encyclopedia ⚫ Telephone Directories 4) Informational Texts Informational texts are nonfiction writing that has the main purpose of presenting factual information on a specific topic or event. It is the most complicated type of nonfiction text because the purposes for writing this genre are so varied. The purposes for reading informational texts are to obtain a detailed description, to define the topic, to identify causes and efforts of certain things related to the topic, to identify how one thing differs from another, to present information related the topic sequentially, or to find out about the problems associated with the topic and find solution o these problems. ⚫ Announcement ⚫ Book Reports ⚫ Brochures ⚫ Catalogs ⚫ Charts ⚫ Documents ⚫ Contracts ⚫ Guidebooks ⚫ Lists ⚫ Maps ⚫ Menus ⚫ Weather Reports

5) Journalistic Texts Journalistic text is a printed source in which readers find information that is current and up to date. It is information that can be documented or verified. it is known to be true. On the other hand, opinions are personal beliefs, view, judgment, or person's feels. ⚫ Various Articles in Newspaper ⚫ Diaries 6) Persuasive Texts The main purpose of persuasive texts is to present an argument or an opinion on an attempt to convince the readers to accept the writer's point of view. It is also written to persuade the reader to do something, buy something, or believe something. ⚫ Advertisements ⚫ Apologies ⚫ Book Reviews ⚫ Campaign Speech ⚫ Critiques ⚫ Debates ⚫ Essays ⚫ Job Applications ⚫ Move or Music Reviews ⚫ Posters