speech

[spiːtʃ]

[명] 연설

[명] address, oration, lecture

[명] silence, muteness

[명] A formal address or talk delivered to an audience; The ability to express thoughts and feelings by spoken words

I felt honored when I received your kind invitation to deliver a {speech} at the ceremony.

식에서 연설해 달라는 친절한 초대를 받고 영광으로 여겼습니다.

Congratulation

[kənˌɡrætʃuˈleɪʃn]

[명] 축하

[명] felicitation, compliments, best wishes

[명] condolence, commiseration, criticism

[명] An expression of praise for an achievement or good wishes on a special occasion; The act of expressing pleasure to someone for their success or good luck

Dear Mr. Steve Carter, {Congratulations} on the 60th graduation ceremony of Youralis High School.

스티브 카터 씨께, Youralis 고등학교의 60회 졸업을 축하합니다.

proud

[praʊd]

[형] 자랑스러운

[형] pleased, satisfied, honoured

[형] ashamed, humble, modest

[형] Feeling deep pleasure or satisfaction as a result of achievements or qualities; Having or showing a high opinion of oneself or feeling superior

As a former student, I am extremely {proud} that the school has become one of the best schools in the local community.

이전 학생으로서, 그 학교가 지역 사회에서 가장 좋은 학교 중 하나가 된 것이 매우 자랑스럽습니다.

meaningful

[ˈmiːnɪŋfl]

[형] 의미 있는

[형] significant, important, worthwhile

[형] meaningless, trivial, insignificant

[형] Having a clear meaning or purpose; Serious, important, or worthwhile

I would have loved to speak to the graduating students, but I must decline your invitation to this {meaningful} celebration.

졸업하는 학생들에게 이야기하고 싶었지만, 이 의미 있는 축하 행사에 대한 초대를 거절해야 합니다.

deliver

[dɪˈlɪvə(r)]

[동] 전달하다, (연설을) 하다

[동] bring, convey, transport

[동] collect, withhold, keep

[동] To take goods, letters, or parcels to people's houses or places of work; To achieve or produce what has been promised or expected

I felt honored when I received your kind invitation to {deliver} a speech at the ceremony.

식에서 연설해 달라는 친절한 초대를 받고 영광으로 여겼습니다.

former

[ˈfɔːrmə(r)]

[형] 이전의, 전임의

[형] previous, prior, earlier
[명] creator, maker, molder

[형] latter, current, present
[명] latter, destroyer

[형] Having previously filled a particular role or position; Belonging to or occurring in an earlier time
[명] The first of two people, things, or groups mentioned; A person who shapes, builds, or creates something

As a {former} student, I am extremely proud that the school has become one of the best schools in the local community.

이전 학생으로서, 그 학교가 지역 사회에서 가장 좋은 학교 중 하나가 된 것이 매우 자랑스럽습니다.

honored

[ɑ́nərd]

[형] 영광으로 여기는

[형] privileged, proud, respected

[형] dishonored, disgraced, humiliated

[형] Feeling proud and pleased because you have been given a special privilege or award; Highly respected, valued, or esteemed by others

I felt {honored} when I received your kind invitation to deliver a speech at the ceremony.

식에서 연설해 달라는 친절한 초대를 받고 영광으로 여겼습니다.

graduation ceremony

[명] 졸업식

commencement, graduation, commencement ceremony

An official ceremony where students receive their academic degrees or diplomas; A formal event held to celebrate the completion of a course of study

Dear Mr. Steve Carter, Congratulations on the 60th {graduation ceremony} of Youralis High School.

스티브 카터 씨께, Youralis 고등학교의 60회 졸업식을 축하합니다.

overseas

[ˌoʊvərˈsiːz]

[형] 해외의

[형] foreign, abroad, international
[부] abroad, internationally, away

[형] domestic, home, internal
[부] domestically, locally, home

[형] Located, living, or starting in a country across the sea; Relating to movement, shipping, or travel across the ocean
[부] In or to a foreign country, especially one across the sea; Across a sea or ocean

However, I am deeply sorry to say that I will not be able to give a speech because I have a very important {overseas} business trip scheduled during that time.

하지만 그 기간에 매우 중요한 해외 출장이 예정되어 있어 연설을 할 수 없다는 말씀을 드리게 되어 매우 죄송합니다.

local community

[명] 지역 사회

[명] neighborhood, locality, community

[명] global community, international society, world community

[명] The group of people living in the same local area; A small society of people sharing a common geographic space

As a former student, I am extremely proud that the school has become one of the best schools in the {local community}.

이전 학생으로서, 그 학교가 지역 사회에서 가장 좋은 학교 중 하나가 된 것이 매우 자랑스럽습니다.

decline

[dɪˈklaɪn]

[동] 거절하다

[동] refuse, reject, decrease
[명] decrease, reduction, downturn

[동] accept, increase, improve
[명] increase, rise, growth

[동] To politely refuse an invitation or offer; To gradually become less, smaller, or fewer in amount
[명] A gradual and continuous loss of strength, numbers, quality, or value; A change to a lower state, level, or amount

I would have loved to speak to the graduating students, but I must {decline} your invitation to this meaningful celebration.

졸업하는 학생들에게 이야기하고 싶었지만, 이 의미 있는 축하 행사에 대한 초대를 거절해야 합니다.

graduating

[형] 졸업하는

[형] completing, leaving, finishing

[형] entering, matriculating, beginning

[형] Relating to or about to receive an academic degree or diploma; Used for or associated with a graduation ceremony

I would have loved to speak to the {graduating} students, but I must decline your invitation to this meaningful celebration.

졸업하는 학생들에게 이야기하고 싶었지만, 이 의미 있는 축하 행사에 대한 초대를 거절해야 합니다.

extremely

[ɪkˈstriːmli]

[부] 매우, 극도로

[부] exceedingly, highly, exceptionally

[부] moderately, slightly, mildly

[부] To a very great degree; In an extreme manner

As a former student, I am {extremely} proud that the school has become one of the best schools in the local community.

이전 학생으로서, 그 학교가 지역 사회에서 가장 좋은 학교 중 하나가 된 것이 매우 자랑스럽습니다.

business trip

[명] 출장

[명] business travel, official journey, work trip

[명] vacation, leisure trip, holiday

[명] A journey taken for work-related purposes; Travel undertaken as part of one's professional duties

However, I am deeply sorry to say that I will not be able to give a speech because I have a very important overseas {business trip} scheduled during that time.

하지만 그 기간에 매우 중요한 해외 출장이 예정되어 있어 연설을 할 수 없다는 말씀을 드리게 되어 매우 죄송합니다.

invitation

[ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃn]

[명] 초대, 초청

[명] request, call, summons

[명] discouragement

[명] A spoken or written request to ask someone to go somewhere or do something; The act of inviting someone to an event or a social gathering

I felt honored when I received your kind {invitation} to deliver a speech at the ceremony.

식에서 연설해 달라는 친절한 초대를 받고 영광으로 여겼습니다.

memorable

[ˈmemərəbl]

[형] 기억에 남는

[형] unforgettable, noteworthy, impressive

[형] forgettable, unremarkable, commonplace

[형] Worth remembering because of being special or unusual; Very good, interesting, or remarkable

I wish you a {memorable} graduation ceremony.

기억에 남는 졸업식이 되기를 바랍니다.

schedule

[ˈskedʒuːl]

[동] 예정하다

[명] timetable, agenda, program
[동] arrange, plan, set

[동] cancel, disorganize, postpone

[명] A plan of activities or events showing the times at which they are intended to happen; A list of the times when trains, buses, or airplanes arrive and depart
[동] To arrange or plan for something to happen at a particular time; To plan an activity at a specific date or time in the future

However, I am deeply sorry to say that I will not be able to give a speech because I have a very important overseas business trip {scheduled} during that time.

하지만 그 기간에 매우 중요한 해외 출장이 예정되어 있어 연설을 할 수 없다는 말씀을 드리게 되어 매우 죄송합니다.

enthusiastic

[ɪnˌθuːziˈæstɪk]

[형] 열정적인

[형] eager, keen, passionate

[형] apathetic, indifferent, unenthusiastic

[형] Having or showing intense and eager enjoyment, interest, or approval; Feeling or showing strong excitement about something

We intentionally sat {enthusiastic} people to the sides and rear of the room, and well-known back-row hermits sat in the front.

우리는 의도적으로 열정적인 사람들을 방의 측면과 뒤쪽에 앉혔고, 잘 알려진 뒷줄 은둔자들은 앞쪽에 앉혔다.

negative

[ˈneɡətɪv]

[형] 부정적인

[형] pessimistic, gloomy, adverse
[명] no, denial, refusal

[형] positive, optimistic, affirmative
[명] positive, affirmative

[형] Expressing or showing denial, disagreement, or refusal; Harmful, bad, or undesirable
[명] A word, reply, or statement that expresses denial, disagreement, or refusal; A bad, unwelcome, or harmful quality or aspect of a situation

We found that this strategy not only increased the participation and recall of the normally {negative} participants who sat up front, it also decreased the participation and recall of the usually positive participants who had been sent to the back.

우리는 이 전략이 앞쪽에 앉은 평소 부정적인 참가자들의 참여와 기억을 증가시켰을 뿐만 아니라, 뒤쪽으로 보내진 평소 긍정적인 참가자들의 참여와 기억을 감소시켰다는 것을 발견했다.

audience

[ˈɔːdiəns]

[명] 청중

[명] spectators, listeners, viewers

[명] A group of people who gather to watch or listen to a performance, speech, or public event; The people who watch, read, or listen to something, such as a TV show, book, or website

Studies show that people who sit in the front row learn and retain more than others in the {audience}, partially because those in the front row are more eager to learn, and they show more attention to the speaker in order to avoid being called on.

연구에 따르면 앞줄에 앉은 사람들은 청중의 다른 사람들보다 더 많이 배우고 기억한다. 이는 부분적으로 앞줄에 앉은 사람들이 배우려는 열망이 더 크고, 지목되는 것을 피하기 위해 연사에게 더 많은 주의를 기울이기 때문이다.

position

[pəˈzɪʃn]

[명] 위치

[명] location, place, posture
[동] place, locate, situate

[동] displace, disorganize, remove

[명] The place where someone or something is located; The way in which someone's body is arranged or held
[동] To put or arrange something in a particular place; To place someone or something in a specific posture or stance

In one experiment we conducted, we placed name cards on participants' seats so they could not take their usual {positions}.

우리가 실시한 한 실험에서 참가자들이 평소 위치에 앉을 수 없도록 참가자들의 좌석에 이름표를 놓았다.

attention

[əˈtenʃn]

[명] 주의, 집중

[명] concentration, heed, mindfulness
[감탄] listen, hark, look here

[명] inattention, neglect, indifference

[명] The act of carefully thinking about, listening to, or watching someone or something; Notice, interest, or awareness from the public or others
[감탄] A command given to soldiers to stand in a formal, straight military position; A call used to make a group of people quiet and listen to an announcement

Studies show that people who sit in the front row learn and retain more than others in the audience, partially because those in the front row are more eager to learn, and they show more {attention} to the speaker in order to avoid being called on.

연구에 따르면 앞줄에 앉은 사람들은 청중의 다른 사람들보다 더 많이 배우고 기억한다. 이는 부분적으로 앞줄에 앉은 사람들이 배우려는 열망이 더 크고, 지목되는 것을 피하기 위해 연사에게 더 많은 주의를 기울이기 때문이다.

participant

[pɑːrˈtɪsɪpənt]

[명] 참가자

[명] participator, member, player
[형] participating, sharing, involved

[명] spectator, observer, bystander
[형] nonparticipating, uninvolved, detached

[명] A person who takes part in an activity or event; Someone who is actively involved in a particular program or study
[형] Sharing or taking part in an activity or event; Having a share or role in something

In one experiment we conducted, we placed name cards on {participants}' seats so they could not take their usual positions.

우리가 실시한 한 실험에서 참가자들이 평소 위치에 앉을 수 없도록 참가자들의 좌석에 이름표를 놓았다.

participation

[pɑːrˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn]

[명] 참여

[명] involvement, engagement, partaking

[명] nonparticipation, absence, avoidance

[명] The act of taking part in an activity or event; The state of being actively involved in something

We found that this strategy not only increased the {participation} and recall of the normally negative participants who sat up front, it also decreased the participation and recall of the usually positive participants who had been sent to the back.

우리는 이 전략이 앞쪽에 앉은 평소 부정적인 참가자들의 참여와 기억을 증가시켰을 뿐만 아니라, 뒤쪽으로 보내진 평소 긍정적인 참가자들의 참여와 기억을 감소시켰다는 것을 발견했다.

recall

[rɪˈkɔːl]

[명] 기억, 회상

[동] remember, recollect, revoke
[명] memory, recollection, remembrance

[동] forget
[명] forgetfulness, oblivion

[동] To bring a memory back into one's mind; To officially order someone or something to return
[명] The ability to remember things that have been learned or experienced; The act of calling back someone or something to a specific place

We found that this strategy not only increased the participation and {recall} of the normally negative participants who sat up front, it also decreased the participation and recall of the usually positive participants who had been sent to the back.

우리는 이 전략이 앞쪽에 앉은 평소 부정적인 참가자들의 참여와 기억을 증가시켰을 뿐만 아니라, 뒤쪽으로 보내진 평소 긍정적인 참가자들의 참여와 기억을 감소시켰다는 것을 발견했다.

attentive

[əˈtentɪv]

[형] 주의 깊은

[형] observant, mindful, heedful

[형] inattentive, heedless, inconsiderate

[형] Listening or watching carefully with concentration; Showing care and helpfulness towards the needs of others

Those in the middle sections are the next most {attentive} and ask the most questions, as the middle section is considered a safe area, surrounded by others.

중간 구역에 있는 사람들은 그다음으로 주의 깊으며 가장 많은 질문을 한다. 중간 구역은 다른 사람들에게 둘러싸인 안전한 지역으로 여겨지기 때문이다.

strategy

[ˈstrætədʒi]

[명] 전략

[명] master plan, game plan, blueprint

[명] A detailed plan for achieving success in situations such as business, politics, or war; The skill or science of planning and directing large-scale military operations

We found that this {strategy} not only increased the participation and recall of the normally negative participants who sat up front, it also decreased the participation and recall of the usually positive participants who had been sent to the back.

우리는 이 전략이 앞쪽에 앉은 평소 부정적인 참가자들의 참여와 기억을 증가시켰을 뿐만 아니라, 뒤쪽으로 보내진 평소 긍정적인 참가자들의 참여와 기억을 감소시켰다는 것을 발견했다.

retain

[rɪˈteɪn]

[동] 유지하다, 기억하다

[동] keep, maintain, preserve

[동] lose, release, forget

[동] To continue to have or keep something; To keep something in mind or memory

Studies show that people who sit in the front row learn and {retain} more than others in the audience, partially because those in the front row are more eager to learn, and they show more attention to the speaker in order to avoid being called on.

연구에 따르면 앞줄에 앉은 사람들은 청중의 다른 사람들보다 더 많이 배우고 기억한다. 이는 부분적으로 앞줄에 앉은 사람들이 배우려는 열망이 더 크고, 지목되는 것을 피하기 위해 연사에게 더 많은 주의를 기울이기 때문이다.

intentionally

[ɪnˈtenʃənəli]

[부] 의도적으로

[부] deliberately, purposely, purposefully

[부] accidentally, unintentionally, inadvertently

[부] Done on purpose rather than by accident; In a deliberate and planned manner

We {intentionally} sat enthusiastic people to the sides and rear of the room, and well-known back-row hermits sat in the front.

우리는 의도적으로 열정적인 사람들을 방의 측면과 뒤쪽에 앉혔고, 잘 알려진 뒷줄 은둔자들은 앞쪽에 앉혔다.

partially

[ˈpɑːrʃəli]

[부] 부분적으로

[부] partly, somewhat, incompletely

[부] completely, totally, wholly

[부] Only in part; not completely; To a limited extent or degree

Studies show that people who sit in the front row learn and retain more than others in the audience, {partially} because those in the front row are more eager to learn, and they show more attention to the speaker in order to avoid being called on.

연구에 따르면 앞줄에 앉은 사람들은 청중의 다른 사람들보다 더 많이 배우고 기억한다. 이는 부분적으로 앞줄에 앉은 사람들이 배우려는 열망이 더 크고, 지목되는 것을 피하기 위해 연사에게 더 많은 주의를 기울이기 때문이다.

rear

[rɪr]

[명] 뒤쪽, 후방

[명] back, stern, tail
[동] raise, nurture, bring up
[형] back, hind, hindmost

[명] front, vanguard, fore
[동] abandon, neglect, destroy
[형] front, foremost, anterior

[명] The back part of something, such as a building, vehicle, or line; The area or position that is located behind something or someone
[동] To care for and support children or young animals until they are fully grown; To breed and raise animals or crops for use or market
[형] Located at or near the back part of something; Being behind or in the hindmost position

We intentionally sat enthusiastic people to the sides and {rear} of the room, and well-known back-row hermits sat in the front.

우리는 의도적으로 열정적인 사람들을 방의 측면과 뒤쪽에 앉혔고, 잘 알려진 뒷줄 은둔자들은 앞쪽에 앉혔다.

conduct

[명] [ˈkɑːndʌkt], [동] [kənˈdʌkt]

[동] 실시하다, 수행하다

[명] behavior, management, comportment
[동] carry out, direct, manage

[동] follow, obstruct, mismanage

[명] The way a person behaves in a particular situation; The manner in which an organization or activity is managed
[동] To organize and carry out a particular activity or task; To direct the performance of musicians or an orchestra

In one experiment we {conducted}, we placed name cards on participants' seats so they could not take their usual positions.

우리가 실시한 한 실험에서 참가자들이 평소 위치에 앉을 수 없도록 좌석에 이름표를 놓았다.

responsive

[rɪˈspɑːnsɪv]

[형] 반응을 보이는

[형] reactive, receptive, sensitive

[형] unresponsive, apathetic, insensitive

[형] Reacting quickly and positively to something; Answering or replying readily with interest

The side areas and back are the least {responsive} and attentive.

측면 구역과 뒤쪽은 반응을 가장 적게 보이며 주의도 가장 덜 기울인다.

eager

[ˈiːɡə(r)]

[형] 열망하는

[형] keen, enthusiastic, avid

[형] apathetic, unenthusiastic, uninterested

[형] Strongly wanting to do or have something; Showing a lot of excitement and interest

Studies show that people who sit in the front row learn and retain more than others in the audience, partially because those in the front row are more {eager} to learn, and they show more attention to the speaker in order to avoid being called on.

연구에 따르면 앞줄에 앉은 사람들은 청중의 다른 사람들보다 더 많이 배우고 기억한다. 이는 부분적으로 앞줄에 앉은 사람들이 배우려는 열망이 더 크고, 지목되는 것을 피하기 위해 연사에게 더 많은 주의를 기울이기 때문이다.

hermit

[ˈhɜːrmɪt]

[명] 은둔자

[명] recluse, solitary, loner

[명] socialite, extrovert

[명] A person who lives alone and avoids contact with other people; Someone who chooses to live in solitude, often for religious or spiritual reasons

We intentionally sat enthusiastic people to the sides and rear of the room, and well-known back-row {hermits} sat in the front.

우리는 의도적으로 열정적인 사람들을 방의 측면과 뒤쪽에 앉혔고, 잘 알려진 뒷줄 은둔자들은 앞쪽에 앉혔다.

avoid

[əˈvɔɪd]

[동] 피하다

[동] shun, evade, elude

[동] confront, face, seek

[동] To stay away from a person, place, or situation; To prevent something bad from happening

Studies show that people who sit in the front row learn and retain more than others in the audience, partially because those in the front row are more eager to learn, and they show more attention to the speaker in order to {avoid} being called on.

연구에 따르면 앞줄에 앉은 사람들은 청중의 다른 사람들보다 더 많이 배우고 기억한다. 이는 부분적으로 앞줄에 앉은 사람들이 배우려는 열망이 더 크고, 지목되는 것을 피하기 위해 연사에게 더 많은 주의를 기울이기 때문이다.

usual

[ˈjuːʒuəl]

[형] 평소의

[형] habitual, normal, customary
[명] custom, habit, routine

[형] unusual, strange, exceptional
[명] exception, novelty, rarity

[형] Happening or done most of the time; Conforming to common habit or custom
[명] The thing that is typically done, expected, or observed; A drink or meal that someone habitually orders or prefers

In one experiment we conducted, we placed name cards on participants' seats so they could not take their {usual} positions.

우리가 실시한 한 실험에서 참가자들이 평소 위치에 앉을 수 없도록 참가자들의 좌석에 이름표를 놓았다.

unfamiliar

[ˌʌnfəˈmɪliə(r)]

[형] 낯선

[형] unknown, strange, alien

[형] familiar, known, common

[형] Not known or recognized; strange; Not having knowledge or experience of something

Mickey looked nervous in the {unfamiliar} surroundings.

미키는 낯선 주변 환경에서 긴장한 것처럼 보였다.

route

[raʊt]

[명] 경로

[명] way, course, road
[동] direct, send, steer

[명] A way or course taken to get from a starting point to a destination; A regular path or itinerary followed for deliveries or travel
[동] To send or direct someone or something along a particular path; To select a specific course or direction for travel or transport

Tim replied, "Actually, it's pretty hard walking him every day. We've been taking the same {route}, and it has become a little boring."

팀은 "사실 매일 그를 산책시키는 일은 꽤 힘들어요. 우리는 같은 경로로 계속 다녀서 조금 지루해졌어요."라고 대답했다.

sign up for

[동] ~에 등록하다

register for, enroll in, apply for

withdraw from, cancel, drop

To agree to participate in something by writing one's name on a list; To register for a course, activity, or service

So, he decided to {sign up for} a dog training course.

그래서 그는 개 훈련 강좌에 등록하기로 결심했다.

instructor

[ɪnˈstrʌktə(r)]

[명] 강사

[명] teacher, coach, trainer

[명] student, pupil, learner

[명] A person who teaches a specific practical skill or sport; A teacher at a college or university who does not hold a professorial rank

At the training center, he met an {instructor} named Jack.

훈련 센터에서 그는 잭이라는 강사를 만났다.

emphasize

[ˈemfəsaɪz]

[동] 강조하다

[동] stress, highlight, underline

[동] understate, minimize, play down

[동] To give special importance or prominence to something in speaking or writing; To make something more clear, distinct, or visible

He {emphasized} to Tim, "Be sure to walk your dog daily. Dogs need regular exercise to be happy and healthy."

그는 팀에게 "반드시 매일 개를 산책시키세요. 개는 행복하고 건강하려면 규칙적인 운동이 필요합니다."라고 강조했다.

advice

[ədˈvaɪs]

[명] 조언

[명] guidance, suggestion, recommendation

[명] Guidance or suggestions on what someone should do; A recommendation aimed at helping someone make a decision

Being sure to follow Jack's {advice}, Tim took Mickey for a walk every day.

잭의 조언을 반드시 따르며 팀은 매일 미키를 산책시켰다.

take care of

[동] 돌보다

look after, mind, tend

neglect, ignore, abandon

To look after someone or something by providing for their needs; To deal with a task, problem, or situation

Tim thought that {taking care of} a dog was much harder than he had expected.

팀은 개를 돌보는 일이 자신이 예상했던 것보다 훨씬 어렵다고 생각했다.

burden

[ˈbɜːrdn]

[명] 부담

[명] load, weight, responsibility
[동] weigh down, encumber, overload

[명] benefit, blessing, relief
[동] relieve, lighten, ease

[명] A heavy load that is difficult to carry; A duty, responsibility, or misfortune that causes worry or hardship
[동] To load someone or something heavily with a physical weight; To trouble someone with a difficult duty or worry

However, this extra responsibility soon seemed like a {burden}, and Tim felt exhausted.

그러나 이 추가 책임은 곧 부담처럼 느껴졌고 팀은 지쳤다.

name after

[동] ~의 이름을 따서 이름 짓다

call after, christen after, dub after

To give someone or something the same name as another person, place, or thing

When he met his dog for the first time, he {named him after} his favorite character, Mickey.

그는 개를 처음 만났을 때 자신이 가장 좋아하는 캐릭터인 미키의 이름을 따서 개의 이름을 지었다.

regular

[ˈreɡjələ(r)]

[형] 규칙적인

[형] uniform, consistent, normal
[명] frequenter, habitué, patron

[형] irregular, infrequent, erratic
[명] newcomer, stranger, substitute

[형] Happening or done at fixed, even, or predictable intervals; Normal, ordinary, or usual, rather than special
[명] A person who frequently visits a specific place, such as a shop or cafe; A player who is a permanent member of a sports team and usually starts games

He emphasized to Tim, "Be sure to walk your dog daily. Dogs need {regular} exercise to be happy and healthy."

그는 팀에게 "반드시 매일 개를 산책시키세요. 개는 행복하고 건강하려면 규칙적인 운동이 필요합니다."라고 강조했다.

surrounding

[səˈraʊndɪŋ]

[명] 주변 환경

[형] neighboring, nearby, adjacent
[명] environment, setting, ambiance

[형] distant, faraway, remote

[형] Located all around a particular place or thing; Being near or in the area of someone or something
[명] The area or conditions around a person, place, or thing; An environment or setting in which someone lives or operates

Mickey looked nervous in the unfamiliar {surroundings}.

미키는 낯선 주변 환경에서 긴장한 것처럼 보였다.

gather one's courage

[동] 용기를 내다

{Gathering his courage}, Tim walked over to him.

용기를 낸 팀은 그에게 다가갔다.

pleasantly

[부] 즐겁게

[부] agreeably, enjoyably, delightfully

[부] unpleasantly, disagreeably, miserably

[부] In an enjoyable or agreeable manner; In a friendly, warm, and considerate way

They spent the next two hours {pleasantly} chatting and decided to walk their dogs together regularly.

그들은 다음 두 시간 동안 즐겁게 이야기를 나누었고 정기적으로 함께 개를 산책시키기로 했다.

responsibility

[rɪˌspɑːnsəˈbɪləti]

[명] 책임

[명] duty, obligation, accountability

[명] irresponsibility, unreliability

[명] The state of being accountable or to blame for something; A duty or task that you are required or expected to do

However, this extra {responsibility} soon seemed like a burden, and Tim felt exhausted.

그러나 이 추가 책임은 곧 부담처럼 느껴졌고 팀은 지쳤다.

lack

[læk]

[동] 부족하다

[명] absence, shortage, deficit
[동] need, want, require

[명] abundance, sufficiency, surplus
[동] have, possess, own

[명] The state of not having any or enough of something; A shortage or deficiency of a necessary resource
[동] To be entirely without something; To not have enough of something necessary or desirable

Mickey was a healthy dog, but he soon seemed to {lack} energy.

미키는 건강한 개였지만 곧 기운이 부족해 보였다.

recommend

[ˌrekəˈmend]

[동] 추천하다

[동] suggest, advise, endorse

[동] discourage, disapprove, reject

[동] To suggest someone or something as the best choice for a specific purpose; To advise a particular course of action as beneficial or necessary

When Tim and Mickey arrived at the park Jack had {recommended}, dozens of dogs were already jumping and playing.

팀과 미키가 잭이 추천한 공원에 도착했을 때 수십 마리의 개가 이미 뛰놀고 있었다.

have something in common

[동] 공통점을 가지다

{Having something in common} as dog owners, Tim and Daniel enjoyed talking to each other.

개 주인이라는 공통점을 가진 팀과 대니얼은 서로 이야기하는 것을 즐겼다.

adopt

[əˈdɑːpt]

[동] 입양하다

[동] embrace, choose, accept

[동] abandon, reject

[동] To take a child legally and raise them as one's own; To choose someone or something for a particular purpose

Tim {adopted} a dog a few months ago.

팀은 몇 달 전에 개 한 마리를 입양했다.

introduce

[ˌɪntrəˈduːs]

[동] 소개하다

[동] present, acquaint, launch

[동] abolish, remove, withdraw

[동] To make someone known by name to another person; To bring something into use or operation for the first time

"Hi, I'm Tim. Can I {introduce} my dog to yours?"

"안녕, 나는 팀이야. 내 개를 네 개에게 소개해도 될까?"

exhausted

[ɪɡˈzɔːstɪd]

[형] 지친

[형] fatigued, drained, depleted

[형] energized, invigorated, refreshed

[형] Extremely tired and lacking energy; Completely used up or depleted of resources

However, this extra responsibility soon seemed like a burden, and Tim felt {exhausted}.

그러나 이 추가 책임은 곧 부담처럼 느껴졌고 팀은 지쳤다.

differential

[ˌdɪfəˈrenʃl]

[형] 차별적인, 서로 다른

[형] distinctive, different, distinguishing
[명] difference, gap, discrepancy

[형] similar, identical, uniform
[명] uniformity, equality, similarity

[형] Of, relating to, or showing a difference; Varying according to specific circumstances or factors
[명] A difference between amounts, values, or concentrations of things; A difference in wages or conditions between different groups of workers

This {differential} response to surprising tactile stimuli appears to be a defense mechanism that has adaptive significance.

놀라운 촉각 자극에 대한 이러한 차별적 반응은 적응적 중요성을 지닌 방어 기제로 보인다.

tactile

[ˈtæktl]

[형] 촉각의

[형] tangible, palpable, touchable

[형] intangible, abstract, imperceptible

[형] Relating to or connected with the sense of touch; Capable of being felt or perceived by touching; tangible

This differential response to surprising {tactile} stimuli appears to be a defense mechanism that has adaptive significance.

놀라운 촉각 자극에 대한 이러한 차별적 반응은 적응적 중요성을 지닌 방어 기제로 보인다.

noticeable

[ˈnoʊtɪsəbl]

[형] 눈에 띄는, 알아차릴 수 있는

[형] obvious, evident, conspicuous

[형] imperceptible, unobtrusive, inconspicuous

[형] Easy to see, hear, or feel; Worthy of being paid attention to

When you move your body and produce tactile sensations, these stimuli are less {noticeable} to you than are sensations produced by another individual.

몸을 움직여 촉각 감각을 만들어 낼 때, 이러한 자극은 다른 개인이 만들어 내는 감각보다 자신에게 덜 눈에 띈다.

stimulus

[ˈstɪmjələs]

[명] 자극

[명] incentive, spur, stimulant

[명] deterrent, discouragement, hindrance

[명] Something that causes a reaction or a change in a living thing; An event or thing that encourages activity, growth, or energy

This differential response to surprising tactile {stimuli} appears to be a defense mechanism that has adaptive significance.

놀라운 촉각 자극에 대한 이러한 차별적 반응은 적응적 중요성을 지닌 방어 기제로 보인다.

cross

[krɔːs]

[동] 교차하다

[명] crucifix, hybrid, mixture
[동] traverse, intersect, span
[형] annoyed, angry, irritable

[명] blessing, benefit, advantage
[동] support, assist, align
[형] pleased, happy, cheerful

[명] A mark, object, or figure formed by two intersecting lines or pieces; The wooden structure on which Jesus Christ was crucified, used as a symbol of Christianity
[동] To go from one side of something to the other; To meet and pass, or lie across each other
[형] Annoyed, angry, or in a bad mood; Lying or passing across something; transverse

The sensations of your own legs touching one another when you {cross} your legs, for example, are generally less noticeable than a similar touch on your leg would be if someone sitting next to you brushed their leg against yours.

예를 들어, 다리를 교차할 때 자신의 두 다리가 서로 닿는 감각은 옆에 앉은 사람이 자신의 다리를 당신의 다리에 스쳤을 때의 비슷한 접촉보다 일반적으로 덜 눈에 띈다.

sensation

[senˈseɪʃn]

[명] 감각, 감각 자극

[명] feeling, sense, perception

[명] apathy, numbness

[명] A physical feeling or perception that comes from something in contact with your body; The physical ability to feel things through your senses

When you move your body and produce tactile {sensations}, these stimuli are less noticeable to you than are sensations produced by another individual.

몸을 움직여 촉각 감각을 만들어 낼 때, 이러한 자극은 다른 개인이 만들어 내는 감각보다 자신에게 덜 눈에 띈다.

adaptive significance

[명] 적응적 중요성

This differential response to surprising tactile stimuli appears to be a defense mechanism that has {adaptive significance}.

놀라운 촉각 자극에 대한 이러한 차별적 반응은 적응적 중요성을 지닌 방어 기제로 보인다.

defense mechanism

[명] 방어 기제

[명] coping mechanism, protective shield, mental defense

[명] An unconscious mental process used to protect oneself from anxiety or painful thoughts; A psychological strategy to cope with difficult, stressful, or harmful situations

This differential response to surprising tactile stimuli appears to be a {defense mechanism} that has adaptive significance.

놀라운 촉각 자극에 대한 이러한 차별적 반응은 적응적 중요성을 지닌 방어 기제로 보인다.

emotional reaction

[명] 정서적 반응

[명] visceral response, emotional response, affective reaction

[명] logical reasoning, rational thought

[명] A physical or mental response to a particular situation or stimulus, driven by feelings rather than logic

It is probably also the reason why being tickled by someone else is more effective at producing an {emotional reaction} than trying to tickle yourself.

이는 다른 사람이 간지럽히는 것이 자신을 간지럽히려는 것보다 정서적 반응을 만들어 내는 데 더 효과적인 이유이기도 하다.

anticipate

[ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt]

[동] 예상하다

[동] expect, foresee, predict

[동] dread

[동] To expect or predict that something will happen; To look forward to something with pleasure

This is likely due to the fact that adults are better at {anticipating} stimuli, and hence are more difficult to surprise, than are children.

이는 성인이 자극을 더 잘 예상하고 따라서 아이들보다 놀라게 하기가 더 어렵기 때문일 가능성이 높다.

reaction

[riˈækʃn]

[명] 반응

[명] response, answer, feedback

[명] action, cause, stimulus

[명] An action, feeling, or thought in response to an event or situation; A chemical process in which substances change into different substances

Likewise, your {reaction} to your cat jumping onto your lap is likely to be much greater if you have your eyes closed when it happens.

마찬가지로, 고양이가 무릎 위로 뛰어올랐을 때 눈을 감고 있으면 고양이에 대한 반응이 훨씬 더 클 가능성이 높다.

diminish

[dɪˈmɪnɪʃ]

[동] 줄어들다, 감소하다

[동] decrease, reduce, lessen

[동] increase, grow, boost

[동] To become smaller or less in size, amount, or importance; To make something seem less important, valuable, or impressive

Our enjoyment of being tickled generally {diminishes} as we age.

간지럼을 타는 즐거움은 일반적으로 나이가 들수록 줄어든다.

produce

[동] [prəˈduːs], [prəˈdju:s]

[동] 만들어 내다

[동] manufacture, make, generate
[명] crops, harvest, yield

[동] destroy, consume, ruin

[동] To make or manufacture something from components or raw materials; To cause a particular result, effect, or situation to happen
[명] Fresh fruits and vegetables grown for sale; Agricultural products collectively, especially fresh food

When you move your body and {produce} tactile sensations, these stimuli are less noticeable to you than are sensations produced by another individual.

몸을 움직여 촉각 감각을 만들어 낼 때, 이러한 자극은 다른 개인이 만들어 내는 감각보다 자신에게 덜 눈에 띈다.

brush

[brʌʃ]

[동] 스치다

[명] broom, sweeper, undergrowth
[동] sweep, clean, scrub

[명] A tool with bristles, hair, or wire attached to a handle, used for cleaning, painting, or grooming; An act of cleaning, smoothing, or arranging something using a brush
[동] To clean, polish, or sweep something using a brush; To remove dirt, dust, or unwanted particles with a quick movement

The sensations of your own legs touching one another when you cross your legs, for example, are generally less noticeable than a similar touch on your leg would be if someone sitting next to you {brushed} their leg against yours.

예를 들어, 다리를 교차할 때 자신의 두 다리가 서로 닿는 감각은 옆에 앉은 사람이 자신의 다리를 당신의 다리에 스쳤을 때의 비슷한 접촉보다 일반적으로 덜 눈에 띈다.

effective

[ɪˈfektɪv]

[형] 효과적인

[형] efficient, effectual, efficacious

[형] ineffective, inefficient, useless

[형] Successful in producing a desired or intended result; Actually in operation or in force, as a rule or law

It is probably also the reason why being tickled by someone else is more {effective} at producing an emotional reaction than trying to tickle yourself.

이는 다른 사람이 간지럽히는 것이 자신을 간지럽히려는 것보다 정서적 반응을 만들어 내는 데 더 효과적인 이유이기도 하다.

hence

[hens]

[부] 따라서

[부] therefore, thus, consequently

[부] As a consequence or result of something; For this reason or explanation

This is likely due to the fact that adults are better at anticipating stimuli, and {hence} are more difficult to surprise, than are children.

이는 성인이 자극을 더 잘 예상하고 따라서 아이들보다 놀라게 하기가 더 어렵기 때문일 가능성이 높다.

detect

[dɪˈtekt]

[동] 감지하다

[동] discover, notice, perceive

[동] miss, ignore, overlook

[동] To discover or notice the presence of something that is hidden or hard to see; To identify or find something through careful search or examination

Not only are our sensory systems organized to {detect} change, but they are most tuned to stimuli that are unexpected and surprising.

우리의 감각 체계는 변화를 감지하도록 조직되어 있을 뿐만 아니라, 예상하지 못하고 놀라운 자극에 가장 잘 맞춰져 있다.

unexpected

[ˌʌnɪkˈspektɪd]

[형] 예상하지 못한

[형] unforeseen, unanticipated, sudden

[형] expected, predictable, anticipated

[형] Not predicted or anticipated beforehand; Surprising because it was not planned or foreseen

Not only are our sensory systems organized to detect change, but they are most tuned to stimuli that are {unexpected} and surprising.

우리의 감각 체계는 변화를 감지하도록 조직되어 있을 뿐만 아니라, 예상하지 못하고 놀라운 자극에 가장 잘 맞춰져 있다.

individual

[ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl]

[명] 개인

[형] single, separate, distinct
[명] person, human being, being

[형] collective, common, general
[명] group, society, collective

[형] Relating to a single person or thing as opposed to a group; Designed or intended for use by only one person
[명] A single human being, considered separately from a group; A single member of a class, category, or population

When you move your body and produce tactile sensations, these stimuli are less noticeable to you than are sensations produced by another {individual}.

몸을 움직여 촉각 감각을 만들어 낼 때, 이러한 자극은 다른 개인이 만들어 내는 감각보다 자신에게 덜 눈에 띈다.

surprising

[sərˈpraɪzɪŋ]

[형] 놀라운

[형] unexpected, amazing, startling

[형] predictable, expected, unsurprising

[형] Causing a feeling of surprise because of being unexpected or unusual; Not anticipated or predicted beforehand

Not only are our sensory systems organized to detect change, but they are most tuned to stimuli that are unexpected and {surprising}.

우리의 감각 체계는 변화를 감지하도록 조직되어 있을 뿐만 아니라, 예상하지 못하고 놀라운 자극에 가장 잘 맞춰져 있다.

support

[səˈpɔːrt]

[동] 지원하다

[동] back, uphold, sustain
[명] backing, assistance, prop

[동] oppose, undermine, contradict
[명] opposition, hindrance, discouragement

[동] To agree with and give encouragement or help to someone or something; To hold up or bear the weight of someone or something
[명] Agreement with or approval of a person, group, or cause; Financial or material help that is given to someone

Late in his life, he established a non-profit organization {supporting} art education and other creative skills.

그는 생애 말년에 미술 교육과 다른 창의적 기술을 지원하는 비영리 단체를 설립했다.

create

[kriˈeɪt]

[동] 창작하다

[동] produce, generate, make

[동] destroy, dismantle, ruin

[동] To bring something new into existence; To make or produce something by using artistic or imaginative skill

In the 1940s, he {created} famous characters such as Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner.

1940년대에 그는 와일 E. 코요테와 로드 러너 같은 유명한 캐릭터를 창작했다.

establish

[ɪˈstæblɪʃ]

[동] 설립하다

[동] set up, found, create

[동] demolish, disprove, disband

[동] To set up an organization, system, or set of rules on a firm or permanent basis; To achieve permanent acceptance or recognition for something

Late in his life, he {established} a non-profit organization supporting art education and other creative skills.

그는 생애 말년에 미술 교육과 다른 창의적 기술을 지원하는 비영리 단체를 설립했다.

leftover

[ˈleftoʊvə(r)]

[형] 남은, 쓰고 남은

[명] remnant, remainder, remains
[형] remaining, surplus, extra
[형/명] remaining, surplus, excess

[형] needed, necessary, wanted
[형/명] original, initial

[명] Food that remains uneaten at the end of a meal; Something that is left behind after the rest has been used or finished
[형] Remaining after the rest has been used, eaten, or discarded; Not consumed or used during an activity
[형/명] Remaining after the rest has been used or eaten; Something, especially food, that remains unused or uneaten after a meal

He used the {leftover} pencils and paper that his father brought him from work.

그는 아버지가 직장에서 가져다준 쓰고 남은 연필과 종이를 사용했다.

animated

[ˈænɪmeɪtɪd]

[형] 애니메이션으로 된

[형] lively, spirited, energetic

[형] lifeless, lethargic, apathetic

[형] Full of life, energy, or excitement; Made of drawings or models that are shown in a way that makes them look as if they are moving

Chuck Jones was an influential director and artist whose work shaped {animated} films and cartoon production.

척 존스는 애니메이션으로 된 영화와 만화 제작에 영향을 준 영향력 있는 감독이자 예술가였다.

non-profit

[형] 비영리의

[형] not-for-profit, charitable, eleemosynary

[형] for-profit, commercial, profit-making

[형] Not established for the purpose of making a financial profit; Relating to an organization whose goal is to help others rather than to make money

Late in his life, he established a {non-profit} organization supporting art education and other creative skills.

그는 생애 말년에 미술 교육과 다른 창의적 기술을 지원하는 비영리 단체를 설립했다.

contribution

[ˌkɑːntrɪˈbjuːʃn]

[명] 기여

[명] donation, gift, offering

[명] An amount of money or a gift given to a common fund or charity; The act of giving or supplying something for a common purpose

For his {contribution} to the field of animation, he received an Honorary Academy Award in 1996.

애니메이션 분야에 기여한 공로로 그는 1996년에 명예 아카데미상을 받았다.

influential

[ˌɪnfluˈenʃl]

[형] 영향력 있는

[형] powerful, important, authoritative

[형] unimportant, insignificant, powerless

[형] Having a lot of influence on people or decisions; Having the power to cause changes or effects

Chuck Jones was an {influential} director and artist whose work shaped animated films and cartoon production.

척 존스는 애니메이션 영화와 만화 제작에 영향을 준 영향력 있는 감독이자 예술가였다.

promote

[prəˈmoʊt]

[동] 승진시키다

[동] advance, foster, upgrade

[동] demote, impede, obstruct

[동] To help something happen, develop, or increase; To raise someone to a higher or more important position or rank

Jones began his career in animation in 1930 and was quickly {promoted}.

존스는 1930년에 애니메이션 분야에서 경력을 시작했고 빠르게 승진했다.

direct

[dəˈrekt]

[동] 감독하다

[형] straight, immediate, straightforward
[동] manage, guide, aim
[부] directly, straight, non-stop

[형] indirect, circuitous, evasive
[동] follow, misguide, obey
[부] indirectly, circuitously

[형] Moving or extending from one place to another without changing direction or stopping; Without any intervening people, factors, or intermediaries
[동] To manage, control, or oversee the operations of something; To show or point out the way to a place
[부] Without stopping or changing direction on a journey; Without anyone or anything else coming between

He {directed} the famous cartoon film How the Grinch Stole Christmas, which is still enjoyed by many people today.

그는 오늘날에도 많은 사람이 즐기는 유명한 만화 영화 《그린치가 크리스마스를 훔친 방법》을 감독했다.

shape

[ʃeɪp]

[동] 형성하다

[명] form, figure, outline
[동] form, fashion, mould

[동] destroy, ruin, neglect

[명] The external form or outline of an object; The condition or state of health of someone or something
[동] To give a particular form or outline to something; To influence the development or nature of something

Chuck Jones was an influential director and artist whose work {shaped} animated films and cartoon production.

척 존스는 애니메이션 영화와 만화 제작을 형성한 영향력 있는 감독이자 예술가였다.

field

[fiːld]

[명] 분야

[명] meadow, pasture, domain
[동] catch, handle, answer
[형] practical, hands-on, applied

[형] theoretical, laboratory, indoor

[명] An area of open land, especially one used for growing crops or keeping animals; A particular branch of study, work, or sphere of activity
[동] To catch or stop a ball and throw it back in a game; To deal with or answer questions, especially difficult ones
[형] Carried out or working in the natural environment rather than in a laboratory or office; Growing or living in open country rather than in cultivated areas or buildings

For his contribution to the {field} of animation, he received an Honorary Academy Award in 1996.

애니메이션 분야에 기여한 공로로 그는 1996년에 명예 아카데미상을 받았다.

opportunity

[ˌɑːpərˈtuːnəti]

[명] 기회

[명] chance, opening, occasion

[명] obstacle, hindrance, misfortune

[명] A situation or time that makes it possible to do something; A favorable circumstance that offers a chance for progress or success

As a child, Jones had many {opportunities} to draw.

어린 시절 존스에게는 그림을 그릴 기회가 많았다.

production

[prəˈdʌkʃn]

[명] 제작

[명] manufacture, making, creation

[명] destruction, consumption

[명] The process of making or manufacturing goods and products; The total amount of something that is made or harvested

Chuck Jones was an influential director and artist whose work shaped animated films and cartoon {production}.

척 존스는 애니메이션 영화와 만화 제작에 영향을 준 영향력 있는 감독이자 예술가였다.

honorary

[ˈɑːnəreri]

[형] 명예의

[형] titular, nominal, unofficial

[형] paid, salaried, official

[형] Given as an honor without the usual requirements or duties; Holding a title or position without receiving payment

For his contribution to the field of animation, he received an {Honorary} Academy Award in 1996.

애니메이션 분야에 기여한 공로로 그는 1996년에 명예 아카데미상을 받았다.