pile on

[동] 마구 추가하다

[동] stack, heap, dogpile

[동] remove, withdraw, defend

[동] To put a large amount of something onto something else; To quickly jump on top of a person or a group of people

Resist the temptation to create a ton of rules, {pile on} different game elements, and incorporate multiple dynamics to keep player interest high.

플레이어의 흥미를 높이기 위해 수많은 규칙을 만들고, 다른 게임 요소들을 마구 추가하고, 다양한 역학 요소를 포함하려는 유혹에 저항하라.

engaging

[ɪnˈɡeɪdʒɪŋ]

[형] 흥미를 끄는

[형] charming, appealing, attractive

[형] unappealing, boring, dull

[형] Charming and attractive in a way that holds your interest; Very interesting and keeping your attention

Yes, the game should be {engaging} with a mild level of fun, but learning should be the goal.

그렇다. 게임은 가벼운 수준의 재미로 흥미를 끌어야 하지만, 학습이 목표가 되어야 한다.

mild

[maɪld]

[형] 가벼운

[형] gentle, bland, moderate

[형] harsh, severe, strong

[형] Not severe, serious, or harsh; Gentle and calm in temperament or behavior

Yes, the game should be engaging with a {mild} level of fun, but learning should be the goal.

그렇다. 게임은 가벼운 수준의 재미로 흥미를 끌어야 하지만, 학습이 목표가 되어야 한다.

developer

[dɪˈveləpə(r)]

[명] 개발자

[명] creator, builder, programmer

[명] destroyer, demolisher

[명] A person or company that creates and designs computer software or applications; A person or business that buys land and builds houses or offices on it

Many new learning-game {developers} try to design an entertaining game.

많은 새로운 학습 게임 개발자는 재미있는 게임을 설계하려고 한다.

engagement

[ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt]

[명] 참여

[명] betrothal, appointment, meeting

[명] A formal agreement or promise to get married; An arrangement to meet someone or do something at a fixed time

Focus on {engagement} rather than entertainment.

오락이 아니라 참여에 집중하라.

parameter

[pəˈræmɪtə(r)]

[명] 기준

[명] limit, boundary, framework

[명] A rule or limit that controls how something should be done; A measurable factor that defines a system or sets the conditions of its operation

Given those {parameters}, making sure the learners are engaged and active is far more important than making sure they are entertained.

그러한 기준을 고려할 때, 학습자가 참여하고 능동적인지를 확인하는 것이 그들이 즐거워하는지를 확인하는 것보다 훨씬 더 중요하다.

unfortunately

[ʌnˈfɔːrtʃənətli]

[부] 불행히도

[부] unluckily, sadly, regrettably

[부] fortunately, luckily

[부] Used to say that something is sad, disappointing, or bad luck; By bad luck; in an unlucky manner

{Unfortunately}, that often makes learning harder rather than easier.

불행히도 그것은 종종 학습을 더 쉽게 하기보다는 오히려 더 어렵게 만든다.

outcome

[ˈaʊtkʌm]

[명] 결과

[명] result, consequence, effect

[명] cause, origin, source

[명] The final result or effect of an action, process, or situation; Something that follows as a consequence of an event

Remember, you are not creating the next great commercial game to entertain your learners; you are creating a learning game in which success will be measured by the achievement of learning {outcomes}.

기억하라. 당신은 학습자를 즐겁게 하기 위한 그다음의 훌륭한 상업용 게임을 만드는 것이 아니라, 학습 성과의 성취로 성공이 측정될 학습 게임을 만들고 있다.

dynamic

[daɪˈnæmɪk]

[명] 역학 요소

[형] energetic, active, lively
[명] force, impetus, energy

[형] static, lethargic, inactive
[명] lethargy, stagnation, inactivity

[형] Full of energy, enthusiasm, and new ideas; Characterized by constant change, activity, or progress
[명] A force that stimulates change or progress within a system; The way in which people behave and interact with each other

Resist the temptation to create a ton of rules, pile on different game elements, and incorporate multiple {dynamics} to keep player interest high.

플레이어의 흥미를 높이기 위해 수많은 규칙을 만들고, 다른 게임 요소들을 쌓아 올리고, 다양한 역학 요소를 포함하려는 유혹에 저항하라.

instructional

[ɪnˈstrʌkʃənl]

[형] 교육적인

[형] educational, informative, didactic

[형] Designed or used for teaching and education; Providing detailed directions on how to do or use something

Research shows that what makes games {instructional} is the level of interactivity and engagement the learners have with the content.

연구는 게임을 교육적으로 만드는 것이 학습자가 콘텐츠와 갖는 상호작용성과 참여의 수준임을 보여준다.

Resist

[rɪˈzɪst]

[동] 저항하다

[동] withstand, oppose, defy
[명] coating, sealant, insulation

[동] yield, submit, surrender

[동] To fight against something or someone that is attacking or pressure you; To remain undamaged or unaffected by a force or substance
[명] A coating applied to a surface to protect it from corrosion, chemicals, or damage during a process; A substance used in dyeing and printing to prevent color from sticking to certain areas

{Resist} the temptation to create a ton of rules, pile on different game elements, and incorporate multiple dynamics to keep player interest high.

플레이어의 흥미를 높이기 위해 수많은 규칙을 만들고, 다른 게임 요소들을 쌓아 올리고, 다양한 역학 요소를 포함하려는 유혹에 저항하라.

Focus

[ˈfoʊkəs]

[동] 집중하다

[명] centre, focal point, heart
[동] bring into focus, concentrate, target

[명] the centre of interest or activity; a center of activity, attraction, or attention
[동] adapt to the prevailing level of light and become able to see clearly; to cause to be directed at something specific

{Focus} on engagement rather than entertainment.

오락이 아니라 참여에 집중하라.

incorporate

[ɪnˈkɔːrpəreɪt]

[동] 포함하다

[동] include, integrate, combine

[동] separate, exclude, divide

[동] To include something as a part of a larger group or system; To combine different things together to form a single whole

Resist the temptation to create a ton of rules, pile on different game elements, and {incorporate} multiple dynamics to keep player interest high.

플레이어의 흥미를 높이기 위해 수많은 규칙을 만들고, 다른 게임 요소들을 쌓아 올리고, 다양한 역학 요소를 포함하려는 유혹에 저항하라.

temptation

[tempˈteɪʃn]

[명] 유혹

[명] enticement, lure, allurement

[명] repulsion, deterrent, discouragement

[명] A strong desire to do something, especially something wrong or unwise; Something that attracts or entices someone to do something

Resist the {temptation} to create a ton of rules, pile on different game elements, and incorporate multiple dynamics to keep player interest high.

플레이어의 흥미를 높이기 위해 수많은 규칙을 만들고, 다른 게임 요소들을 쌓아 올리고, 다양한 역학 요소를 포함하려는 유혹에 저항하라.

achievement

[əˈtʃiːvmənt]

[명] 성취

[명] accomplishment, attainment, feat

[명] failure, defeat, loss

[명] Something done successfully, especially through hard work or skill; The act or process of completing something successfully

Remember, you are not creating the next great commercial game to entertain your learners; you are creating a learning game in which success will be measured by the {achievement} of learning outcomes.

기억하라. 당신은 학습자를 즐겁게 하기 위한 그다음의 훌륭한 상업용 게임을 만드는 것이 아니라, 학습 성과의 성취로 성공이 측정될 학습 게임을 만들고 있다.

design

[dɪˈzaɪn]

[동] 설계하다

[명] plan, pattern, blueprint
[동] plan, devise, draft

[동] destroy, ruin, neglect

[명] A drawing or plan that shows how something will look and work before it is made; The way in which something has been planned and made
[동] To plan and make decisions about the look and function of something; To create or construct something according to a detailed plan

Many new learning-game developers try to {design} an entertaining game.

많은 새로운 학습 게임 개발자는 재미있는 게임을 설계하려고 한다.

interactivity

[명] 상호작용성

[명] interaction, interconnectedness, reciprocity

[명] passivity, unidirectionality, inactivity

[명] The quality of allowing two-way flow of information between a computer and a user; The state of two or more people or things working together and influencing each other

The goals of the game play should be {interactivity} and engagement.

게임 플레이의 목표는 상호작용성과 참여여야 한다.

entertaining

[ˌentərˈteɪnɪŋ]

[형] 재미있는

[형] amusing, enjoyable, diverting

[형] boring, uninteresting, dull

[형] Providing amusement or enjoyment; Interesting and keeping your attention in a pleasant way

Many new learning-game developers try to design an {entertaining} game.

많은 새로운 학습 게임 개발자는 재미있는 게임을 설계하려고 한다.

forestry

[ˈfɔːrɪstri]

[명] 임업

[명] forest management, woodcraft, forest planting

[명] the science or practice of planting, managing, and caring for forests; The science of planting and growing trees in forests

In 2021, the percentage of remote workers in the agriculture, {forestry}, fishing and hunting sector was eight percentage points lower than that in the educational services sector.

2021년에 농업, 임업, 어업 및 수렵업 부문의 원격 근로자의 비율은 교육 서비스업 부문의 그것보다 8퍼센트포인트 낮았다.

educational service

[명] 교육 서비스

In 2021, the percentage of remote workers in the agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting sector was eight percentage points lower than that in the {educational services} sector.

2021년에 농업, 임업, 어업 및 수렵업 부문의 원격 근로자의 비율은 교육 서비스 부문의 그것보다 8퍼센트포인트 낮았다.

information sector

[명] 정보 산업 부문

In 2021, the percentage of remote workers in the {information sector} was the highest among all industry sectors.

2021년에 정보 산업 부문의 원격 근로자의 비율은 모든 산업 부문 중에서 가장 높았다.

agriculture

[ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə(r)]

[명] 농업

[명] farming, cultivation, husbandry

[명] industry

[명] The science, art, or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock; The occupation or business of farming to provide food, wool, and other products

In 2021, the percentage of remote workers in the {agriculture}, forestry, fishing and hunting sector was eight percentage points lower than that in the educational services sector.

2021년에 농업, 임업, 어업 및 수렵업 부문의 원격 근로자의 비율은 교육 서비스업 부문의 그것보다 8퍼센트포인트 낮았다.

highest

[háiist]

[형] 가장 높은

[형] topmost, uppermost, supreme
[부] loftiest, uppermost, topmost

[형] lowest, bottom, minimum
[부] lowest

[형] Located at the greatest distance above the ground or base; Greatest in amount, degree, or intensity
[부] At or to the most elevated point or level; To the greatest degree or extent

In 2021, the percentage of remote workers in the information sector was the {highest} among all industry sectors.

2021년에 정보 부문의 원격 근로자의 비율은 모든 산업 부문 중에서 가장 높았다.

fishing

[ˈfɪʃɪŋ]

[명] 어업

[명] angling, trawling, fishery

[명] The activity or sport of catching fish; The business or industry of catching fish and other seafood for sale

In 2021, the percentage of remote workers in the agriculture, forestry, {fishing} and hunting sector was eight percentage points lower than that in the educational services sector.

2021년에 농업, 임업, 어업 및 수렵업 부문의 원격 근로자의 비율은 교육 서비스업 부문의 그것보다 8퍼센트포인트 낮았다.

percentage point

[명] 퍼센트포인트

[숙어] percent

[명] A unit of arithmetic difference between two percentages; The unit used when subtracting one percentage from another
[숙어] The unit for the arithmetic difference between two percentages; A unit equal to one percent, used to measure changes in rates or proportions

In 2021, the percentage of remote workers in the agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting sector was eight {percentage points} lower than that in the educational services sector.

2021년에 농업, 임업, 어업 및 수렵업 부문의 원격 근로자의 비율은 교육 서비스업 부문의 그것보다 8퍼센트포인트 낮았다.

hunting

[ˈhʌntɪŋ]

[명] 사냥업

[명] stalking, trapping, chase
[형] chasing, sporting, stalking

[명] The activity of chasing and killing wild animals for food or sport; The act of searching carefully for a particular thing or person
[형] Used for, relating to, or associated with the sport of chasing and killing wild animals; Fond of or actively engaged in the sport of chase

In 2021, the percentage of remote workers in the agriculture, forestry, fishing and {hunting} sector was eight percentage points lower than that in the educational services sector.

2021년에 농업, 임업, 어업 및 수렵업 부문의 원격 근로자의 비율은 교육 서비스업 부문의 그것보다 8퍼센트포인트 낮았다.

percentage

[pərˈsentɪdʒ]

[명] 백분율, 비율

[명] proportion, ratio, share

[명] whole, entirety, total

[명] A rate, number, or amount in each hundred; A portion or share of a whole

The graph above shows the {percentages} of remote workers across four different industry sectors in the U.S. in 2019, 2021, and 2022.

위 그래프는 미국의 네 가지 다른 산업 부문에 걸친 2019년, 2021년, 그리고 2022년의 원격 근로자의 비율을 보여준다.

accommodation and food service

[명] 숙박 및 음식 서비스업

The {accommodation and food services} sector showed the lowest percentage of remote workers in 2019, 2021, and 2022, and its percentage in 2019 was less than half of that in 2022.

숙박 및 음식 서비스업 부문은 2019년, 2021년, 그리고 2022년에 가장 낮은 원격 근로자의 비율을 보였고, 2019년의 그것의 비율은 2022년의 그것의 절반보다 낮았다.

gap

[ɡæp]

[명] 격차

[명] space, opening, breach

[명] A space or opening between two objects or people; A difference, especially an undesirable one, between two views, situations, or groups

Among all industry sectors, the industry sector with the largest {gap} between the percentage of remote workers in 2019 and that in 2022 was the information sector.

모든 산업 부문 중에서 2019년의 원격 근로자의 비율과 2022년의 그것 사이에서 가장 큰 격차를 가진 산업 부문은 정보 부문이었다.

lowest

[lóuist]

[형] 가장 낮은

[형] bottommost, minimum, least

[형] highest, loftiest, maximum

[형] Being below all others in level, position, or height; Being the least in amount, value, or intensity

The accommodation and food services sector showed the {lowest} percentage of remote workers in 2019, 2021, and 2022, and its percentage in 2019 was less than half of that in 2022.

숙박 및 음식 서비스업 부문은 2019년, 2021년, 그리고 2022년에 가장 낮은 원격 근로자의 비율을 보였고, 2019년의 그것의 비율은 2022년의 그것의 절반보다 낮았다.

less than half

[숙어] 절반보다 적은

The accommodation and food services sector showed the lowest percentage of remote workers in 2019, 2021, and 2022, and its percentage in 2019 was {less than half} of that in 2022.

숙박 및 음식 서비스업 부문은 2019년, 2021년, 그리고 2022년에 가장 낮은 원격 근로자의 비율을 보였고, 2019년의 그것의 비율은 2022년의 그것의 절반보다 낮았다.

remote worker

[명] 원격 근무자

The graph above shows the percentages of {remote workers} across four different industry sectors in the U.S. in 2019, 2021, and 2022.

위 그래프는 미국의 네 가지 다른 산업 부문에 걸친 2019년, 2021년, 그리고 2022년의 원격 근로자의 비율을 보여준다.

industry sector

[명] 산업 부문

The graph above shows the percentages of remote workers across four different {industry sectors} in the U.S. in 2019, 2021, and 2022.

위 그래프는 미국의 네 가지 다른 산업 부문에 걸친 2019년, 2021년, 그리고 2022년의 원격 근로자의 비율을 보여준다.

arise

[əˈraɪz]

[동] 발생하다, 생겨나다

[동] occur, happen, emerge

[동] disappear, end, sit down

[동] To begin to occur or to exist; To result or originate from a source

One of the most fascinating and empowering insights in Stoic philosophy is that our emotions are not random; they {arise} from our judgments.

스토아 철학에서 가장 매혹적이고 힘을 주는 통찰 중 하나는 우리의 감정이 무작위적이지 않고 우리의 판단에서 생겨난다는 것이다.

unfair

[ˌʌnˈfer]

[형] 불공평한

[형] unjust, biased, inequitable

[형] fair, just, equitable

[형] Not treating people equally or in a reasonable way; Not following the rules or standards of a game, sport, or competition

For example: If someone criticizes you, you may feel angry not due to the words themselves but because you perceive the comment as {unfair} or threatening.

예를 들어 누군가가 당신을 비판하면, 말 자체 때문이 아니라 그 말을 불공평하거나 위협적이라고 인식하기 때문에 화가 날 수 있다.

threatening

[ˈθretnɪŋ]

[형] 위협적인

[형] menacing, intimidating, ominous

[형] reassuring, promising, friendly

[형] Having a hostile or frightening quality that suggests harm or danger; Showing an intention to cause bodily harm or damage

For example: If someone criticizes you, you may feel angry not due to the words themselves but because you perceive the comment as unfair or {threatening}.

예를 들어 누군가가 당신을 비판하면, 말 자체 때문이 아니라 그 말을 불공평하거나 위협적이라고 인식하기 때문에 화가 날 수 있다.

empowering

[형] 힘을 주는, 자신감을 높이는

enabling, inspiring, uplifting

disempowering, weakening, discouraging

Giving someone more confidence and control over their life; Making a person feel strong, capable, and in charge of their destiny

One of the most fascinating and {empowering} insights in Stoic philosophy is that our emotions are not random; they arise from our judgments.

스토아 철학에서 가장 힘을 주는 통찰 중 하나는 우리의 감정이 무작위적이지 않다는 것이다.

fascinating

[ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ]

[형] 매우 흥미로운

[형] captivating, intriguing, engrossing

[형] boring, dull, tedious

[형] Extremely interesting and keeping your attention; Having a powerful appeal or charm

One of the most {fascinating} and empowering insights in Stoic philosophy is that our emotions are not random; they arise from our judgments.

스토아 철학에서 가장 매혹적인 통찰 중 하나는 우리의 감정이 무작위적이지 않다는 것이다.

overwhelmed

[형] 압도된, 감당하기 힘든

[형] overpowered, overloaded, swamped

[형] calm, indifferent, composed

[형] Feeling completely overcome in mind or feeling by a large amount of something; Having too many things to deal with at one time

This may sound surprising, especially if you've ever felt {overwhelmed} by anger, fear, or sadness.

특히 분노, 두려움 또는 슬픔에 압도당해 본 적이 있다면 이것은 놀랍게 들릴 수 있다.

trigger

[ˈtrɪɡə(r)]

[동] 촉발하다, 유발하다

[명] stimulus, cause, catalyst
[동] activate, cause, generate

[명] deterrent, preventative, block
[동] prevent, halt, stop

[명] A small lever that is pulled to fire a gun; An event or situation that causes something else to happen
[동] To cause an event or situation to happen suddenly; To make a device or system start functioning

Here's how it works: something happens, you interpret what it means, and that interpretation {triggers} an emotional response.

작동 방식은 이렇다. 무언가가 발생하면 그것이 무엇을 의미하는지 해석하고, 그 해석이 감정적 반응을 일으킨다.

define

[dɪˈfaɪn]

[동] 정의하다, 규정하다

[동] explain, describe, clarify

[동] confuse, obscure, muddle

[동] To state or explain the precise meaning of a word or phrase; To describe or show the essential qualities or nature of something

If you lose a job, you might feel devastated not simply because of the job loss but because you believe it {defines} your worth or future.

일자리를 잃으면 단지 일자리 상실 때문이 아니라 그것이 자신의 가치나 미래를 규정한다고 믿기 때문에 망연자실할 수 있다.

random

[ˈrændəm]

[형] 무작위적인, 우연한

[형] haphazard, arbitrary, accidental

[형] systematic, planned, deliberate

[형] Chosen or happening without a specific plan, pattern, or purpose; Having an unpredictable outcome where all possibilities are equally likely

One of the most fascinating and empowering insights in Stoic philosophy is that our emotions are not {random}; they arise from our judgments.

스토아 철학에서 가장 매혹적이고 힘을 주는 통찰 중 하나는 우리의 감정이 무작위적이지 않다는 것이다.

examine

[ɪɡˈzæmɪn]

[동] 검토하다, 살펴보다

[동] inspect, scrutinize, investigate

[동] ignore, neglect, overlook

[동] To look at something closely and carefully in order to learn more about it; To check the health or physical condition of someone

This doesn't mean suppressing how you feel; it means {examining} the story you tell yourself and choosing one that serves you better.

이것은 자신의 감정을 억누르는 것을 의미하지 않고, 스스로에게 하는 이야기를 살펴보고 자신에게 더 도움이 되는 이야기를 선택하는 것을 의미한다.

suppress

[səˈpres]

[동] 억누르다, 억제하다

[동] subdue, quell, crush

[동] incite, encourage, publicize

[동] To put an end to something by force; To prevent the expression or revelation of something

This doesn't mean {suppressing} how you feel; it means examining the story you tell yourself and choosing one that serves you better.

이것은 자신의 감정을 억누르는 것을 의미하지 않고, 스스로에게 하는 이야기를 살펴보고 자신에게 더 도움이 되는 이야기를 선택하는 것을 의미한다.

judgment

[dƷʌ́dƷmənt]

[명] 판단

[명] verdict, ruling, decision

[명] indecision, foolishness, misjudgment

[명] The ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions; A formal decision given by a court of law

Change the {judgment}, and you change the emotion.

판단을 바꾸면 감정을 바꾸게 된다.

devastated

[ˈdevəsteɪtɪd]

[형] 큰 충격을 받은, 망연자실한

[형] shattered, distraught, grief-stricken

[형] joyful, ecstatic, delighted

[형] Feeling extremely shocked, sad, and overwhelmed by a painful event; Completely ruined, destroyed, or laid to waste

If you lose a job, you might feel {devastated} not simply because of the job loss but because you believe it defines your worth or future.

일자리를 잃으면 단지 일자리 상실 때문이 아니라 그것이 자신의 가치나 미래를 규정한다고 믿기 때문에 망연자실할 수 있다.

automatic reaction

[명] 자동적인 반응

But the Stoics taught that emotions aren't just {automatic reactions}.

하지만 스토아학파는 감정이 단지 자동적인 반응이 아니라고 가르쳤다.

insight

[ˈɪnsaɪt]

[명] 통찰, 깊은 이해

[명] intuition, perception, understanding

[명] ignorance, blindness, misunderstanding

[명] The capacity to gain an accurate and deep understanding of someone or something; The ability to understand people and situations in a very clear way

One of the most fascinating and empowering {insights} in Stoic philosophy is that our emotions are not random; they arise from our judgments.

스토아 철학에서 가장 매혹적이고 힘을 주는 통찰 중 하나는 우리의 감정이 무작위적이지 않다는 것이다.

criticize

[ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz]

[동] 비판하다

[동] censure, denounce, condemn

[동] praise, approve, commend

[동] To express disapproval of someone or something by pointing out their faults; To evaluate or analyze a work of art, literature, or performance

For example: If someone {criticizes} you, you may feel angry not due to the words themselves but because you perceive the comment as unfair or threatening.

예를 들어 누군가가 당신을 비판하면, 말 자체 때문이 아니라 그 말을 불공평하거나 위협적이라고 인식하기 때문에 화가 날 수 있다.

perceive

[pərˈsiːv]

[동] 인식하다, 여기다

[동] discern, notice, recognize

[동] ignore, overlook, misunderstand

[동] To notice or become aware of something through the senses; To understand or think of something in a particular way

For example: If someone criticizes you, you may feel angry not due to the words themselves but because you {perceive} the comment as unfair or threatening.

예를 들어 누군가가 당신을 비판하면, 말 자체 때문이 아니라 그 말을 불공평하거나 위협적이라고 인식하기 때문에 화가 날 수 있다.

interpret

[ɪnˈtɜːrprɪt]

[동] 해석하다

[동] explain, construe, translate

[동] misinterpret, misunderstand, confuse

[동] To explain or clarify the meaning of something; To understand or take something in a particular way

They're shaped by how we {interpret} events.

감정은 우리가 사건을 해석하는 방식에 의해 형성된다.

worth

[wɜːrθ]

[명] 가치

[형] valued at, deserving of, meriting
[명] value, merit, importance

[형] worthless, useless
[명] worthlessness, uselessness, unimportance

[형] Having a specific value, especially in terms of money; Deserving of some action, effort, or attention
[명] The level at which someone or something deserves to be valued or rated; The amount of something that has a specified value or lasts for a specified time

If you lose a job, you might feel devastated not simply because of the job loss but because you believe it defines your {worth} or future.

일자리를 잃으면 단지 일자리 상실 때문이 아니라 그것이 자신의 가치나 미래를 규정한다고 믿기 때문에 망연자실할 수 있다.

serve

[sɜːrv]

[동] 도움이 되다, 기여하다

[동] provide, assist, work for
[명] service, stroke, hit

[동] To provide food or drink to someone; To help customers in a shop or restaurant
[명] An act of hitting a ball or shuttlecock to start a game or point in sports like tennis or volleyball; The turn or right of a player to hit the ball to start play

This doesn't mean suppressing how you feel; it means examining the story you tell yourself and choosing one that {serves} you better.

이것은 자신의 감정을 억누르는 것을 의미하지 않고, 스스로에게 하는 이야기를 살펴보고 자신에게 더 도움이 되는 이야기를 선택하는 것을 의미한다.

conclude

[kənˈkluːd]

[동] 결론을 내리다

[동] finish, decide, end

[동] start, begin, commence

[동] To decide or form an opinion after thinking about the facts; To bring something to an end or finish it

He {concluded} that the view of the universe accepted at the time—that the Sun traveled around Earth—was wrong, and that it was in fact Earth that traveled around the Sun.

그는 그 당시에 받아들여진 우주에 대한 관점, 즉 태양이 지구 주위를 이동했다는 것이 틀렸고, 태양 주위를 이동한 것은 사실 지구였다고 결론지었다.

widespread

[ˈwaɪdspred]

[형] 널리 퍼진

[형] extensive, prevalent, pervasive

[형] local, limited, rare

[형] Existing or happening in many places or among many people; Spread over a large area

Despite {widespread} objections to his ideas, he published his theory in a book.

그의 아이디어에 대해 널리 퍼진 반대에도 불구하고, 그는 한 권의 책에 그의 이론을 출판했다.

publish

[ˈpʌblɪʃ]

[동] 출판하다

[동] issue, release, print

[동] conceal, suppress, withhold

[동] To prepare and produce a book, magazine, or other material for public sale or distribution; To make information or an announcement known to the general public

Despite widespread objections to his ideas, he {published} his theory in a book.

그의 아이디어에 대해 널리 퍼진 반대에도 불구하고, 그는 한 권의 책에 그의 이론을 출판했다.

theory

[ˈθɪri]

[명] 이론

[명] hypothesis, principle, thesis

[명] fact, practice, reality

[명] An idea or set of ideas that explains why something happens or how something works; A set of principles on which a particular subject or activity is based

Despite widespread objections to his ideas, he published his {theory} in a book.

그의 아이디어에 대해 널리 퍼진 반대에도 불구하고, 그는 한 권의 책에 그의 이론을 출판했다.

accept

[əkˈsept]

[동] 받아들이다

[동] receive, acknowledge, approve

[동] reject, refuse, decline

[동] To agree to receive something willingly; To acknowledge or admit something as valid

He concluded that the view of the universe {accepted} at the time—that the Sun traveled around Earth—was wrong, and that it was in fact Earth that traveled around the Sun.

그는 그 당시에 받아들여진 우주에 대한 관점, 즉 태양이 지구 주위를 이동했다는 것이 틀렸고, 태양 주위를 이동한 것은 사실 지구였다고 결론지었다.

map

[mæp]

[동] 지도를 만들다, 기록하다

[명] chart, plan, atlas
[동] chart, plot, delineate

[명] A visual representation of an area showing physical features, cities, or roads; A drawing of the earth's surface or a part of it on a flat sheet
[동] To make a map of an area; To plan the details of something carefully

The Egyptians, Babylonians, Greeks, and Maya were among the first peoples to {map} the movements of the stars.

이집트인, 바빌로니아인, 그리스인, 그리고 마야인들은 별들의 움직임을 지도로 만든 최초의 민족 중에 있었다.

confirm

[kənˈfɜːrm]

[동] 확인하다

[동] verify, corroborate, substantiate

[동] deny, contradict, refute

[동] To prove that something is true or correct; To state with certainty that something has happened or will happen

He also {confirmed} that Copernicus' theory was correct.

그는 또한 Copernicus의 이론이 옳았음을 확인했다.

objection

[əbˈdʒekʃn]

[명] 반대, 이의

[명] protest, opposition, complaint

[명] approval, agreement, acceptance

[명] An expression or feeling of disapproval or opposition; A reason for disagreeing with or opposing something

Despite widespread {objections} to his ideas, he published his theory in a book.

그의 아이디어에 대해 널리 퍼진 반대에도 불구하고, 그는 한 권의 책에 그의 이론을 출판했다.

mathematician

[ˌmæθəməˈtɪʃn]

[명] 수학자

[명] math expert, mathematical scientist, number cruncher

[명] An expert or specialist in the field of mathematics; A person who studies, teaches, or does research in mathematics

In Europe, a 16th-century Polish {mathematician} named Nicolaus Copernicus put forth a revolutionary idea.

유럽에서는 Nicolaus Copernicus라고 불리는 16세기의 폴란드 수학자가 한 가지 혁명적인 아이디어를 제기했다.

development

[dɪˈveləpmənt]

[명] 발전, 개발

[명] growth, progress, evolution

[명] decline, regression, deterioration

[명] The process of growing, progressing, or becoming more advanced; The act or process of creating or building something over a period of time

Technological improvements led to the {development} of the telescope in the early 17th century.

기술적인 개선은 17세기 초에 망원경의 발전으로 이어졌다.

discover

[dɪˈskʌvə(r)]

[동] 발견하다

[동] find, uncover, detect

[동] hide, conceal, lose

[동] To find something unexpectedly or during a search; To learn or find out about something for the first time

Using a telescope, the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei {discovered} the four largest moons of Jupiter and observed craters on Earth's Moon.

망원경을 사용하여, 이탈리아 과학자 Galileo Galilei는 목성의 네 개의 가장 큰 위성을 발견했고 지구의 달에 있는 분화구를 관찰했다.

telescope

[ˈtelɪskoʊp]

[명] 망원경

[명] spyglass, glass, scope
[동] collapse, contract, compress

[동] extend, expand, lengthen

[명] A tube-shaped optical instrument used to make distant objects appear closer and larger; An astronomical device that collects light to observe stars and planets
[동] To slide or cause to slide into itself so that it becomes shorter; To become forced together lengthwise, with one part entering another, as during a collision

Technological improvements led to the development of the {telescope} in the early 17th century.

기술적인 개선은 17세기 초에 망원경의 발전으로 이어졌다.

observe

[əbˈzɜːrv]

[동] 관찰하다

[동] watch, notice, obey

[동] ignore, overlook, disregard

[동] To watch carefully in order to learn about something; To notice or perceive something happening

Using a telescope, the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter and {observed} craters on Earth's Moon.

망원경을 사용하여, 이탈리아 과학자 Galileo Galilei는 목성의 네 개의 가장 큰 위성을 발견했고 지구의 달에 있는 분화구를 관찰했다.

travel

[ˈtrævl]

[동] 이동하다, 여행하다

[동] journey, tour, voyage
[명] journey, trip, tour
[형] portable, mobile, compact

[동] stay, remain, settle
[명] stagnation, immobility
[형] stationary, fixed

[동] To go from one place to another, especially over a long distance; To move or be transmitted from one point to another
[명] The act or activity of going from one place to another, especially over a long distance; A journey or trip, especially to a distant or unfamiliar destination
[형] Designed, suitable, or convenient for use while traveling; Made in a compact size to be easily carried during a trip

He concluded that the view of the universe accepted at the time—that the Sun {traveled} around Earth—was wrong, and that it was in fact Earth that traveled around the Sun.

그는 그 당시에 받아들여진 우주에 대한 관점, 즉 태양이 지구 주위를 이동했다는 것이 틀렸고, 태양 주위를 이동한 것은 사실 지구였다고 결론지었다.

universe

[ˈjuːnɪvɜːrs]

[명] 우주

[명] cosmos, macrocosm, space

[명] All of space and everything in it, including stars, planets, and galaxies; A particular sphere of activity, interest, or experience

Even before telescopes existed, people looked out into space and tried to understand the {universe}.

망원경이 존재하기도 전에, 사람들은 우주로 밖을 내다보았고 우주를 이해하려고 노력했다.

revolutionary

[ˌrevəˈluːʃəneri]

[형] 혁명적인, 획기적인

[형] radical, innovative, groundbreaking
[명] rebel, insurgent, revolutionist

[형] conservative, conventional, orthodox
[명] reactionary, conservative

[형] Involving or causing a complete or dramatic change in something; Relating to, involving, or supporting a political revolution
[명] A person who starts or supports a political revolution; Someone who wants to change a political system by force

In Europe, a 16th-century Polish mathematician named Nicolaus Copernicus put forth a {revolutionary} idea.

유럽에서는 Nicolaus Copernicus라고 불리는 16세기의 폴란드 수학자가 한 가지 혁명적인 아이디어를 제기했다.

movement

[ˈmuːvmənt]

[명] 움직임, 운동

[명] motion, action, campaign

[명] stillness, inactivity

[명] The act or process of changing physical location or position; A series of organized activities by a group of people to achieve a social or political goal

The Egyptians, Babylonians, Greeks, and Maya were among the first peoples to map the {movements} of the stars.

이집트인, 바빌로니아인, 그리스인, 그리고 마야인들은 별들의 움직임을 지도로 만든 최초의 민족 중에 있었다.

advance

[ədˈvæns]

[동] 발전시키다

[동] progress, move forward, proceed
[명] progress, development, improvement
[형] preliminary, prior, leading

[동] retreat, postpone, hinder
[명] setback, decline, decrease

[동] To move forward in a purposeful way; To make progress or develop
[명] A forward movement toward a goal or target; An improvement or development in a particular area
[형] Completed or provided before a certain time or event; Sent or done ahead of schedule

Over the centuries, scientific discoveries and information from telescopes {advanced} our knowledge of how the universe works.

수 세기에 걸쳐, 망원경으로부터 온 과학적 발견과 정보는 우주가 어떻게 작동하는지에 대한 우리의 지식을 발전시켰다.

crater

[ˈkreɪtə(r)]

[명] 분화구

[명] hollow, basin, depression
[동] collapse, crash, plummet

[동] rise, soar, succeed

[명] A large bowl-shaped cavity in the ground, typically caused by an explosion or an impact; The bowl-shaped depression or mouth of a volcano
[동] To form craters or hollow depressions in a surface; To fail or fall suddenly and dramatically

Using a telescope, the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter and observed {craters} on Earth's Moon.

망원경을 사용하여, 이탈리아 과학자 Galileo Galilei는 목성의 네 개의 가장 큰 위성을 발견했고 지구의 달에 있는 분화구를 관찰했다.

astronomer

[əˈstrɑːnəmə(r)]

[명] 천문학자

[명] astrophysicist, stargazer, cosmologist

[명] A scientist who studies stars, planets, and other celestial bodies; An expert who observes and analyzes space and the physical universe

Later {astronomers} built on Copernicus' work.

나중에 천문학자들은 Copernicus의 연구를 바탕으로 삼았다.

emergence

[iˈmɜ:rdƷəns]

[명] 등장, 출현

[명] appearance, arrival, advent

[명] disappearance, vanishing, demise

[명] The process of becoming visible or known after being hidden; The act of coming into existence or becoming prominent

Since the {emergence} of Standard English, the rule makers of language have been in charge, and their prescriptive norms about a 'correct' version of the English language have dominated our channels of communication.

표준 영어가 등장한 이후, 언어 규칙 제정자들이 통제해 왔으며, 영어의 '올바른' 형태에 대한 그들의 규범적 기준이 우리의 의사소통 경로를 지배해 왔다.

norm

[nɔːrm]

[명] 규범

[명] standard, rule, convention

[명] exception, anomaly, deviation

[명] An accepted standard or a pattern of social behavior that is typical or expected; Something that is usual, common, or standard

Since the emergence of Standard English, the rule makers of language have been in charge, and their prescriptive {norms} about a 'correct' version of the English language have dominated our channels of communication.

표준 영어가 등장한 이후, 언어 규칙 제정자들이 통제해 왔으며, 영어의 '올바른' 형태에 대한 그들의 규범적 기준이 우리의 의사소통 경로를 지배해 왔다.

barrier

[ˈbæriə(r)]

[명] 장벽, 장애물

[명] obstacle, barricade, hurdle

[명] opening, passage, aid

[명] A physical structure or obstacle that prevents movement or access; A rule, problem, or situation that makes it difficult to do something

Social media completely broke that {barrier}.

소셜 미디어가 그 장벽을 완전히 허물었다.

prescriptive

[prɪˈskrɪptɪv]

[형] 규범을 정하는, 규정적인

[형] dictatorial, authoritarian, rigid

[형] descriptive, optional, flexible

[형] Giving strict rules or instructions on how things must be done; Telling people how language should be used based on rules

Since the emergence of Standard English, the rule makers of language have been in charge, and their {prescriptive} norms about a 'correct' version of the English language have dominated our channels of communication.

표준 영어가 등장한 이후, 언어 규칙 제정자들이 통제해 왔으며, 영어의 '올바른' 형태에 대한 그들의 규범적 기준이 우리의 의사소통 경로를 지배해 왔다.

influence

[ˈɪnfluəns]

[명] 영향력

[명] impact, effect, sway
[동] affect, sway, bias

[명] powerlessness, inefficacy

[명] The power to change or affect someone or something; The capacity to have an effect on the character or development of someone
[동] To have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something; To affect or change something in an indirect but significant way

We regularly use words like 'function' and 'sideeye,' and our {influence} both legitimizes these terms and gives them a large platform to spread quicker than they could have before.

우리는 'function'과 'sideeye' 같은 단어를 일상적으로 사용하며, 우리의 영향력은 이러한 용어에 정당성을 부여하고 이전보다 더 빠르게 퍼질 수 있는 큰 플랫폼을 제공한다.

conform

[kənˈfɔːrm]

[동] 따르다, 순응하다

[동] comply, adapt, adjust

[동] rebel, differ, resist

[동] To behave according to socially acceptable rules or standards; To obey or comply with rules, laws, or regulations

If you wanted your voice to be heard by the public, you had to work within their limits, {conforming} to the strict expectations of either print or broadcast media.

대중에게 자신의 목소리를 들려주고 싶다면, 인쇄 매체나 방송 매체의 엄격한 기대에 순응하며 그들의 제약 안에서 활동해야 했다.

legitimize

[lɪˈdʒɪtəmaɪz]

[동] 정당성을 부여하다

[동] validate, legalize, sanction

[동] outlaw, ban, forbid

[동] To make something legal or acceptable; To give official status or approval to something

We regularly use words like 'function' and 'sideeye,' and our influence both {legitimizes} these terms and gives them a large platform to spread quicker than they could have before.

우리는 'function'과 'sideeye' 같은 단어를 일상적으로 사용하며, 우리의 영향력은 이러한 용어에 정당성을 부여하고 이전보다 더 빠르게 퍼질 수 있는 큰 플랫폼을 제공한다.

transmit

[trænsˈmɪt]

[동] 전달하다, 전송하다

[동] transfer, broadcast, pass on

[동] receive, absorb, retain

[동] To send or convey something from one person, place, or thing to another; To broadcast a signal or information using radio waves, wires, or the internet

The loose social networks that previously connected us geographically are simply stronger online, and memes are now {transmitted} at a rapid pace.

이전에 지리적으로 우리를 연결했던 느슨한 사회적 네트워크는 온라인에서 더 강해졌으며, 밈은 이제 빠른 속도로 전파된다.

dominate

[ˈdɑːmɪneɪt]

[동] 지배하다

[동] control, rule, command

[동] submit, yield, surrender

[동] To have control, power, or authority over someone or something; To be the most important, noticeable, or conspicuous feature of something

Since the emergence of Standard English, the rule makers of language have been in charge, and their prescriptive norms about a 'correct' version of the English language have {dominated} our channels of communication.

표준 영어가 등장한 이후, 언어 규칙 제정자들이 통제해 왔으며, 영어의 '올바른' 형태에 대한 그들의 규범적 기준이 우리의 의사소통 경로를 지배해 왔다.

enforce

[ɪnˈfɔːrs]

[동] 시행하다, 강요하다

[동] implement, impose, apply

[동] ignore, disregard, neglect

[동] To make sure that a law or rule is obeyed; To force something to happen or be accepted

Anybody and everybody can become a public figure on the new communicative platforms, meaning that nobody's left to {enforce} the old rules.

누구나 새로운 의사소통 플랫폼에서 공적인 인물이 될 수 있으며, 이는 옛 규칙을 시행할 사람이 아무도 남아 있지 않다는 의미이다.

strict

[strɪkt]

[형] 엄격한

[형] rigorous, stern, severe

[형] lenient, lax, loose

[형] Demanding that rules concerning behavior are obeyed; Must be obeyed, leaving no room for changes or excuses

If you wanted your voice to be heard by the public, you had to work within their limits, conforming to the {strict} expectations of either print or broadcast media.

대중에게 자신의 목소리를 들려주고 싶다면, 인쇄 매체나 방송 매체의 엄격한 기대에 순응하며 그들의 제약 안에서 활동해야 했다.

platform

[ˈplætfɔːrm]

[명] 플랫폼

[명] stage, podium, dais
[동] stage, elevate, publicize

[동] suppress, silence, hide

[명] A raised flat surface where people can stand, perform, or speak; The area beside railway tracks where passengers get on and off trains
[동] To place someone or something on a stage or a raised surface; To provide a public voice or opportunity for someone to express their views

We regularly use words like 'function' and 'sideeye,' and our influence both legitimizes these terms and gives them a large {platform} to spread quicker than they could have before.

우리는 'function'과 'sideeye' 같은 단어를 일상적으로 사용하며, 우리의 영향력은 이러한 용어에 정당성을 부여하고 이전보다 더 빠르게 퍼질 수 있는 큰 플랫폼을 제공한다.

background

[ˈbækɡraʊnd]

[명] 배경

[명] backdrop, upbringing, history
[동] understate, downplay, soft-pedal
[형] secondary, subsidiary, minor

[명] foreground, front
[동] foreground, highlight, emphasize
[형] foreground, prominent, primary

[명] The part of a picture or scene that is furthest from the viewer, behind the main objects; A person's education, experience, and social circumstances
[동] To form a background to something; To provide with background information or context
[형] Relating to things that are less important or less noticeable; Occurring in the rear of a scene or setting

Content creators also come from a greater variety of {backgrounds} than people working in traditional media.

콘텐츠 제작자들은 전통적인 매체에서 일하는 사람들보다 더 다양한 배경 출신이다.

slang

[slæŋ]

[명] 속어

[명] jargon, argot, cant

[명] formal language, standard language

[명] Very informal words and phrases that are more common in spoken than written English; Special vocabulary used by a specific group of people that may not be understood by outsiders

The role of '{slang}' in popular culture has fundamentally changed because of the internet.

대중문화에서 속어의 역할은 인터넷 때문에 근본적으로 변화했다.

fundamentally

[ˌfʌndəˈmentəli]

[부] 근본적으로

[부] basically, essentially, radically

[부] superficially, ostensibly, slightly

[부] At the most basic or essential level; In a way that affects the most important parts of something

The role of 'slang' in popular culture has {fundamentally} changed because of the internet.

대중문화에서 속어의 역할은 인터넷 때문에 근본적으로 변화했다.

democratize

[dɪˈmɑːkrətaɪz]

[동] 민주화하다

[동] equalize, popularize

[동] monopolize, dictate

[동] To introduce a democratic system or principles to a country or organization; To make something accessible or available to everyone

The playing field is now level, and public access is {democratized}.

경기장은 이제 평평하며, 대중의 접근은 민주화되었다.